Abstract
The effects of increasing atmospheric ozone (O3) concentrations on cool-season plant species have been well studied, but little is known about the physiological responses of cool-season turfgrass species such as Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea exposed to short-term acute pollution with elevated O3 concentrations (80 ppb and 160 ppb, 9 h d−1) for 14 days, which are widely planted in urban areas of Northern China. The current study aimed to investigate and compare O3 sensitivity and differential changes in growth, oxidative injury, antioxidative enzyme activities, and chloroplast ultrastructure between the two turf-type plant species. The results showed that O3 decreased significantly biomass regardless of plant species. Under 160 ppb O3, total biomass of L. perenne and F. arundinacea significantly decreased by 55.3% and 47.8% (p < 0.05), respectively. No significant changes were found in visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contents in leaves of the two grass species exposed to 80 ppb O3, except for 160 ppb O3. However, both 80 ppb and 160 ppb O3 exposure induced heavily oxidative stress by high accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in leaves and damage in chloroplast ultrastructure regardless of plant species. Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves, respectively. These results showed that F. arundinacea showed higher O3 tolerance than L. perenne. The damage extent by elevated O3 concentrations could be underestimated only by evaluating foliar injury or chlorophyll content without considering the internal physiological changes, especially in chloroplast ultrastructure and ROS accumulation.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At 160 ppb O3, L. perenne biomass decreased 55.3%.
- Taxon
- L. perenne
Lolium perennee0 - Treatment
- 160 ppb O3e0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 55.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under 160 ppb O3, total biomass of L. perenne and F. arundinacea significantly decreased by 55.3% and 47.8% (p < 0.05), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 160 ppb O3, F. arundinacea biomass decreased 47.8%.
- Taxon
- F. arundinacea
Lolium arundinaceume0 - Treatment
- 160 ppb O3e0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 47.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under 160 ppb O3, total biomass of L. perenne and F. arundinacea significantly decreased by 55.3% and 47.8% (p < 0.05), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, Lolium perenne visible injury and pigment content showed no significant change.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenneLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 80 ppb O3e0
- Outcome
- visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contentse0
- Direction
- No significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant changes were found in visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contents in leaves of the two grass species exposed to 80 ppb O3”
t0“Lolium perenne”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, Festuca arundinacea visible injury and pigment content showed no significant change.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- 80 ppb O3e0
- Outcome
- visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contentse0
- Direction
- No significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant changes were found in visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contents in leaves of the two grass species exposed to 80 ppb O3”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone at both levels induced oxidative stress and chloroplast damage in both grasses.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinaceaLolium perenneLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- 80 ppb and 160 ppb O3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress by high accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in leaves and damage in chloroplast ultrastructuree0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both 80 ppb and 160 ppb O3 exposure induced heavily oxidative stress by high accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in leaves and damage in chloroplast ultrastructure regardless of plant species”
t0“Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, L. perenne superoxide dismutase activity rose 77.8%.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- O3 concentration (80 ppb)e0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 77.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, L. perenne catalase activity rose 1.14-foil.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- O3 concentration (80 ppb)e0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.14-foile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, L. perenne peroxidase activity rose 34.3%.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- O3 concentration (80 ppb)e0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, F. arundinacea superoxide dismutase activity rose 19.2%.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- O3 concentration (80 ppb)e0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, F. arundinacea catalase activity rose 78.4%.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- O3 concentration (80 ppb)e0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 ppb O3, F. arundinacea peroxidase activity rose 1.72-fold.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- O3 concentration (80 ppb)e0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.72-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
F. arundinacea was more ozone tolerant than L. perenne.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume0
- Outcome
- O3 tolerancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- L. perennee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. arundinacea showed higher O3 tolerance than L. perenne”
Claim · model-written summary
Assessing only foliar injury or chlorophyll could underestimate ozone damage.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinaceaLolium perenneLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- damage extent by elevated O3 concentrations could be underestimatede0
- Qualifier
- without considering the internal physiological changes, especially in chloroplast ultrastructure and ROS accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The damage extent by elevated O3 concentrations could be underestimated only by evaluating foliar injury or chlorophyll content without considering the internal physiological changes, especially in chloroplast ultrastructure and ROS accumulation”
t0“Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · growth · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
ozone · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.