Abstract
The morphological and chronological development of epicuticular waxes and their effects on the boundary layer of blue spruce needles were studied with a scanning electron microscope. Structural or crystalline-like waxes develop first in the epistomatal chambers of needles in an expanding bud. However, as the needles emerge from the bud the structural waxes develop over the entire needle surface on glaucous foliage but are mainly restricted to the stomatal areas on non-glaucous foliage. The epistomatal chambers are occluded with surface waxes as the needles emerge from the bud and they remained occluded. Structural waxes occlude the epistomatal chambers but as these waxes degrade the occlusion becomes amorphous in appearance. Structural waxes are degraded to an amorphous layer over the entire needle surface by weathering. Calculations reveal that the surface waxes of blue spruce are too small to have a significant effect on the boundary layer of the needle.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Structural waxes first develop in epistomatal chambers of needles in expanding buds.
Verbatim
e0“Structural or crystalline-like waxes develop first in the epistomatal chambers of needles in an expanding bud”
Claim · model-written summary
On glaucous foliage, structural waxes develop across the entire emerging needle surface.
Verbatim
e0“the structural waxes develop over the entire needle surface on glaucous foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
On non-glaucous foliage, structural waxes are mainly limited to stomatal areas.
Verbatim
e0“are mainly restricted to the stomatal areas on non-glaucous foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface waxes occlude epistomatal chambers as needles emerge and the occlusion persists.
Verbatim
e0“The epistomatal chambers are occluded with surface waxes as the needles emerge from the bud and they remained occluded”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax occlusion becomes amorphous as structural waxes degrade.
Verbatim
e0“as these waxes degrade the occlusion becomes amorphous in appearance”
Claim · model-written summary
Weathering degrades structural waxes into an amorphous layer across the needle surface.
- Taxon
- needlee0
- Treatment
- weatheringe0
- Outcome
- Structural waxes are degraded to an amorphous layere0
- Direction
- degradede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Structural waxes are degraded to an amorphous layer over the entire needle surface by weathering”
Claim · model-written summary
Calculated surface wax size was too small to significantly affect the needle boundary layer.
- Taxon
- blue spruce
Picea pungense0 - Outcome
- effect on the boundary layer of the needlee0
- Direction
- too small to have a significant effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the surface waxes of blue spruce are too small to have a significant effect on the boundary layer of the needle”