Abstract
In a comparison of tillage treatments over a 3 year cropping phase (1982-84) following clover ley on a red-brown earth soil, long (9 months) and short (3 months) cultivated fallow gave the highest average wheat yields (2.80 t/ha). Cultivated fallow in year 1, followed by direct drill without fallow in years 2 and 3 yielded 2.66 t/ha, while direct drill without fallow every year averaged 2.43 t/ha (full disturbance at sowing) or 2.25 t/ha (minimum disturbance). Stubble retention when combined with direct drilling reduced yield further. Herbicide fallow followed by direct drilling gave the same yield as cultivated fallow in 1 year but a lower yield in another. Long fallow accumulated significantly more total soil water and mineral nitrogen in 2 years out of 3, while short fallow had no effect in any year. Plant population and early growth were reduced each year by the absence of fallow and by direct drilling, and also by residue retention; plant nitrogen and phosphorus status also tended to be reduced. In the absence of soil water differences at sowing and in the wetter 2 years, final grain yield differences, although always relatively smaller than early growth differences, were related to these differences in early growth which, it is concluded, reflect the main underlying cause of reduced yield with direct drilling. Reductions occurred even with a dry spring when direct drilled crops had clearly better soil and plant water status. In the driest year (1982) yield differences were small despite early growth differences. Sowing of all treatments was delayed in 2 years out of 3 because of top soil dryness in no-fallow plots. Some cultivated fallow crops showed a tendency to 'hay off' (i.e. markedly reduced harvest index and kernel weights) when the grain filling period was dry. The incidence of yellow leaf spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis) and root diseases, although low, was greater in direct drilled crops, even after stubble burning.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Long and short cultivated fallow produced the highest average wheat yield, 2.80 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- long (9 months) and short (3 months) cultivated fallowe0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.80 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long (9 months) and short (3 months) cultivated fallow gave the highest average wheat yields (2.80 t/ha)”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated fallow in year 1 followed by direct drilling yielded 2.66 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cultivated fallow in year 1, followed by direct drill without fallow in years 2 and 3e0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Value
- 2.66 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivated fallow in year 1, followed by direct drill without fallow in years 2 and 3 yielded 2.66 t/ha”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilling without fallow averaged 2.43 t/ha with full disturbance at sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- direct drill without fallow every yeare0
- Outcome
- averagede0
- Value
- 2.43 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- full disturbance at sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct drill without fallow every year averaged 2.43 t/ha (full disturbance at sowing)”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilling without fallow averaged 2.25 t/ha with minimum disturbance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- direct drill without fallow every yeare0
- Outcome
- averagede0
- Value
- 2.25 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- minimum disturbancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct drill without fallow every year averaged 2.43 t/ha (full disturbance at sowing) or 2.25 t/ha (minimum disturbance)”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Stubble retention with direct drilling further reduced yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Stubble retention when combined with direct drillinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stubble retention when combined with direct drilling reduced yield further.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide fallow with direct drilling matched cultivated fallow yield in one year and yielded less in another.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Herbicide fallow followed by direct drillinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- in anothere0
- Comparator
- cultivated fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide fallow followed by direct drilling gave the same yield as cultivated fallow in 1 year but a lower yield in another.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Long fallow significantly accumulated more total soil water and mineral nitrogen in two of three years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Long fallowe0
- Outcome
- total soil water and mineral nitrogene0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- 2 years out of 3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long fallow accumulated significantly more total soil water and mineral nitrogen in 2 years out of 3”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Short fallow had no effect in any year on soil water and mineral nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- short fallowe0
- Outcome
- no effecte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while short fallow had no effect in any year”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Absence of fallow, direct drilling, and residue retention reduced plant population and early growth each year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- absence of fallowe0
- Outcome
- Plant population and early growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- each yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant population and early growth were reduced each year by the absence of fallow and by direct drilling, and also by residue retention”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant nitrogen and phosphorus status tended to be reduced under the described practices.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- plant nitrogen and phosphorus statuse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- tendede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant nitrogen and phosphorus status also tended to be reduced”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Final grain yield differences were related to early growth differences in wetter years without soil-water differences at sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- early growthe0
- Outcome
- final grain yield differencese0
- Qualifier
- wetter 2 yearse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of soil water differences at sowing and in the wetter 2 years, final grain yield differences, although always relatively smaller than early growth differences, were related to these differences in early growth”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilled crops had better soil and plant water status during a dry spring despite yield reductions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil and plant water statuse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- dry springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions occurred even with a dry spring when direct drilled crops had clearly better soil and plant water status.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1982, yield differences were small despite early growth differences.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield differencese0
- Direction
- smalle0
- Qualifier
- driest year (1982)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the driest year (1982) yield differences were small despite early growth differences.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
No-fallow topsoil dryness delayed sowing in two of three years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Sowing of all treatmentse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 2 years out of 3e0
- Qualifier
- top soil dryness in no-fallow plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sowing of all treatments was delayed in 2 years out of 3 because of top soil dryness in no-fallow plots.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Some cultivated fallow crops tended to hay off during dry grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- harvest index and kernel weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- grain filling period was drye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some cultivated fallow crops showed a tendency to 'hay off' (i.e. markedly reduced harvest index and kernel weights) when the grain filling period was dry.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow leaf spot and root diseases were more frequent in direct drilled crops, even after stubble burning.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Pyrenophora tritici repentise0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence of yellow leaf spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis) and root diseasese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- even after stubble burninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incidence of yellow leaf spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis) and root diseases, although low, was greater in direct drilled crops, even after stubble burning.”
t0“Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Yanco, in a 425 mm rainfall region”
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