Abstract
1. Stems of Cyperus cut and placed in water wither sooner than when a certain portion, not to exceed 20 cm., has been killed by steam. 2. When 20 cm. of the stem are killed by steam, the leaves wither in about 8 days, that is, in about the same time as the control plants. 3. The longer the portion of the stem killed with steam, the sooner the leaves above wither and dry. When 25 to 30 cm. of the stem are killed with steam, the leaves wither in 3-5 days. 4. No matter how long the section killed may be, the leaves on steamed stems never wither quite so quickly as those cut and not placed in water, but under the same conditions of light, temperature, and air moisture. 5. In Cyperus sufficient water to maintain the leaves turgid for 3-18 days will rise through a stem 15-60 cm. high, with a section 5-30 cm. long which has been killed with steam. 6. A certain amount of water is raised through the steamed portion, but it gradually diminishes in quantity from day to day, until the leaves become air dry (about 11 per cent of their dry weight of moisture). 7. The diminished water supply is partly due to a partial blocking of the vessels with a gumlike or resinous substance, which probably owes its origin to the disorganization of the contents of the sieve tubes caused by heating the stems. 8. The withering of the leaves above a steamed portion of the stem is probably caused more by the action of deleterious substances introduced into them from the dead cells than from lack of water. These poisonous substances are probably disorganization products caused by heating with steam. 9. The leaves of rooted plants, grown in nutrient solutions containing sterilized decoctions of the same plant, droop in 3-5 days, discolor and dry in 7-8 days. 10. The withering leaves above a portion of the stem killed with steam show all the symptoms of dying, namely, rapid loss of water after treatment, then a more uniform loss, rounding up and discoloration of the chloroplasts, and contraction of the mesophyll protoplasts. The leaves are apparently drying, not so much from lack of water as on account of the death of the cells from other causes. 11. Judging from the behavior and disorganization of the leaves on a stem, a section of which has been killed with steam, it is evident that this method of killing the cells is not a satisfactory one in order to settle the question as to the relation of the living cells to sapflow. 12. Killing a portion of the stem by applying wax heated to 110⚬ C. causes less apparent disorganization of the cells, less injury to the leaves above, and does not cause a marked immediate decrease in the transpiration. 13. Experiments in which 5-10 cm. of the stem are killed by treatment with picric acid, 95 per cent alcohol, or CuSO4, for 36-48 hours show that sufficient quantities of water may ascend through the poisoned portions to supply the transpiration need for a comparatively long period (90 days), and to allow the development of new branches. 14. Certain poisons (picric acid, chromic acid, and HgCl2) may greatly accelerate the amount of water evaporated in poisoned plants. Not all poisons act alike in this respect; HgCl2 causes the greatest amount of increase in water loss.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cut Cyperus stems in water wither sooner when a portion up to 20 cm is killed by steam.
- Organ / stage
- Stemse1
- Treatment
- killed by steame1
- Outcome
- withere1
- Direction
- soonere1
- Comparator
- Stems of Cyperus cut and placed in watere1
CyperusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Stems of Cyperus cut and placed in water wither sooner than when a certain portion, not to exceed 20 cm., has been killed by steam”
Claim · model-written summary
With 20 cm of stem killed by steam, leaves wither in about 8 days, about the same time as control plants.
- Treatment
- 20 cm. of the stem are killed by steame1
- Outcome
- withere1
- Direction
- about the same timee1
- Value
- 8 dayse1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“When 20 cm. of the stem are killed by steam, the leaves wither in about 8 days, that is, in about the same time as the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The longer the steam-killed stem portion, the sooner the leaves above wither and dry.
- Treatment
- portion of the stem killed with steame1
- Outcome
- leaves above wither and drye1
- Direction
- soonere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“The longer the portion of the stem killed with steam, the sooner the leaves above wither and dry”
Claim · model-written summary
With 25 to 30 cm of stem killed by steam, leaves wither in 3-5 days.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“When 25 to 30 cm. of the stem are killed with steam, the leaves wither in 3-5 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves on steam-killed stems never wither as quickly as leaves on stems cut and not placed in water, under the same conditions.
- Treatment
- steamed stemse1
- Outcome
- withere1
- Direction
- never wither quite so quicklye1
- Comparator
- those cut and not placed in watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“No matter how long the section killed may be, the leaves on steamed stems never wither quite so quickly as those cut and not placed in water, but under the same conditions of light, temperature, and air moisture”
Claim · model-written summary
Sufficient water to keep leaves turgid for 3-18 days rises through a 15-60 cm stem containing a 5-30 cm steam-killed section.
- Treatment
- a section 5-30 cm. long which has been killed with steame1
- Outcome
- sufficient water to maintain the leaves turgide1
- Value
- 15-60 cme1
- Qualifier
- for 3-18 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In Cyperus sufficient water to maintain the leaves turgid for 3-18 days will rise through a stem 15-60 cm. high, with a section 5-30 cm. long which has been killed with steam”
Claim · model-written summary
Water raised through the steamed stem portion gradually diminishes day by day until the leaves become air dry (about 11 per cent moisture).
- Treatment
- steamed portione1
- Outcome
- water is raised through the steamed portione1
- Direction
- gradually diminishese1
- Value
- 11 per cente1
- Qualifier
- until the leaves become air drye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“A certain amount of water is raised through the steamed portion, but it gradually diminishes in quantity from day to day, until the leaves become air dry (about 11 per cent of their dry weight of moisture)”
Claim · model-written summary
The diminished water supply is partly due to partial blocking of the vessels by a gummy or resinous substance from heat-disorganized sieve tube contents.
- Outcome
- diminished water supplye1
- Qualifier
- partial blocking of the vessels with a gumlike or resinous substancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“The diminished water supply is partly due to a partial blocking of the vessels with a gumlike or resinous substance, which probably owes its origin to the disorganization of the contents of the sieve tubes caused by heating the stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Withering of leaves above a steamed stem portion is probably caused more by deleterious substances from dead cells than by lack of water.
- Outcome
- withering of the leaves above a steamed portion of the steme1
- Qualifier
- deleterious substances introduced into them from the dead cellse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“The withering of the leaves above a steamed portion of the stem is probably caused more by the action of deleterious substances introduced into them from the dead cells than from lack of water”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of plants grown in nutrient solution with sterilized decoctions of the same plant droop within 3-5 days.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“The leaves of rooted plants, grown in nutrient solutions containing sterilized decoctions of the same plant, droop in 3-5 days, discolor and dry in 7-8 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of plants grown in nutrient solution with sterilized decoctions of the same plant discolor and dry within 7-8 days.
- Treatment
- sterilized decoctions of the same plante1
- Outcome
- leavese1
- Direction
- discolor and drye1
- Value
- 7-8 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“The leaves of rooted plants, grown in nutrient solutions containing sterilized decoctions of the same plant, droop in 3-5 days, discolor and dry in 7-8 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Withering leaves above a steam-killed stem portion show all the symptoms of dying.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“The withering leaves above a portion of the stem killed with steam show all the symptoms of dying”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judge steam killing of stem cells not a satisfactory method for settling the relation of living cells to sap flow.
- Outcome
- this method of killing the cells is not a satisfactory onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: method suitability judgement by the authors, not a management recommendation
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“it is evident that this method of killing the cells is not a satisfactory one in order to settle the question as to the relation of the living cells to sapflow”
Claim · model-written summary
Killing a stem portion with heated wax causes less apparent disorganization of cells than steam killing.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“causes less apparent disorganization of the cells”
e2“Killing a portion of the stem by applying wax heated to”
Claim · model-written summary
Killing a stem portion with heated wax causes less injury to the leaves above.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e2“Killing a portion of the stem by applying wax heated to”
e3“less injury to the leaves above”
Claim · model-written summary
Killing a stem portion with heated wax does not cause a marked immediate decrease in transpiration.
- Treatment
- applying wax heated toe2
- Outcome
- transpiratione4
- Direction
- decreasee4
- Qualifier
- does not cause a marked immediatee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e2“Killing a portion of the stem by applying wax heated to”
e4“does not cause a marked immediate decrease in the transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem sections of 5-10 cm killed with picric acid, 95 per cent alcohol, or CuSO4 for 36-48 hours still let enough water ascend to meet transpiration for about 90 days.
- Treatment
- picric acid, 95 per cent alcohol, or CuSO4e6
- Outcome
- sufficient quantities of water may ascend through the poisoned portionse5
- Qualifier
- 90 dayse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e5“sufficient quantities of water may ascend through the poisoned portions to supply the transpiration need for a comparatively long period (90 days)”
e6“5-10 cm. of the stem are killed by treatment with picric acid, 95 per cent alcohol, or CuSO4”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem sections killed with picric acid, 95 per cent alcohol, or CuSO4 allow development of new branches.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e6“5-10 cm. of the stem are killed by treatment with picric acid, 95 per cent alcohol, or CuSO4”
e7“to allow the development of new branches”
Claim · model-written summary
Certain poisons (picric acid, chromic acid, HgCl2) may greatly accelerate water evaporation from poisoned plants.
- Treatment
- picric acid, chromic acid, and HgCl2e1
- Outcome
- amount of water evaporatede1
- Direction
- acceleratee1
- Qualifier
- may greatlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“Certain poisons (picric acid, chromic acid, and HgCl2) may greatly accelerate the amount of water evaporated in poisoned plants”
Claim · model-written summary
HgCl2 causes the greatest increase in water loss among the tested poisons.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stems of Cyperus”
e1“HgCl2 causes the greatest amount of increase in water loss”