Abstract
Rising temperatures due to climate change threaten agricultural crop productivity. As a cool-season crop, wheat is heat-sensitive, but often exposed to high temperatures during the cultivation period. In the current study, a bread wheat panel of spring wheat genotypes, including putatively heat-tolerant Australian and CIMMYT genotypes, was exposed to a 5-day mild (34°C/28°C, day/night) or extreme (37°C/27°C) heat stress during the sensitive pollen developmental stage. Worsening effects on anther morphology were observed, as heat stress increased from mild to extreme. Even under mild heat, a significant decrease in pollen viability and number of grains per spike from primary spike was observed compared with the control (21°C/15°C), with Sunstar and two CIMMYT breeding lines performing well. A heat-specific positive correlation between the two traits indicates the important role of pollen fertility for grain setting. Interestingly, both mild and extreme heat induced development of new tillers after the heat stress, providing an alternative sink for accumulated photosynthates and significantly contributing to the final yield. Measurements of flag leaf maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) showed an initial inhibition after the heat treatment, followed by a full recovery within a few days. Despite this, model fitting using chlorophyll soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements showed an earlier onset or faster senescence rate under heat stress. The data presented here provide interesting entry points for further research into pollen fertility, tillering dynamics, and leaf senescence under heat. The identified heat-tolerant wheat genotypes can be used to dissect the underlying mechanisms and breed climate-resilient wheat.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Anther morphology worsened as heat stress increased from mild to extreme.
- Taxon
- Common Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- anther morphologye0
- Direction
- Worseninge0
- Comparator
- milde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Worsening effects on anther morphology were observed, as heat stress increased from mild to extreme.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild heat significantly decreased pollen viability relative to control.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mild heate0
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- the control (21°C/15°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even under mild heat, a significant decrease in pollen viability and number of grains per spike from primary spike was observed compared with the control (21°C/15°C), with Sunstar and two CIMMYT breeding lines performing well.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild heat significantly decreased grains per primary spike relative to control.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mild heate0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spike from primary spikee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- the control (21°C/15°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even under mild heat, a significant decrease in pollen viability and number of grains per spike from primary spike was observed compared with the control (21°C/15°C), with Sunstar and two CIMMYT breeding lines performing well.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunstar performed well under mild heat.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sunstare0
- Outcome
- performing welle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with Sunstar and two CIMMYT breeding lines performing well.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two CIMMYT breeding lines performed well under mild heat.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- two CIMMYT breeding linese0
- Outcome
- performing welle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with Sunstar and two CIMMYT breeding lines performing well.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen viability and grain number per spike were positively correlated under heat.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- pollen fertilitye0
- Outcome
- grain settinge0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
- Qualifier
- heat-specifice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A heat-specific positive correlation between the two traits indicates the important role of pollen fertility for grain setting.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild heat induced new tillers after heat stress.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- milde0
- Outcome
- development of new tillerse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both mild and extreme heat induced development of new tillers after the heat stress, providing an alternative sink for accumulated photosynthates and significantly contributing to the final yield.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Extreme heat induced new tillers after heat stress.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- extreme heate0
- Outcome
- development of new tillerse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both mild and extreme heat induced development of new tillers after the heat stress, providing an alternative sink for accumulated photosynthates and significantly contributing to the final yield.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
New tillers significantly contributed to final yield.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- new tillerse0
- Outcome
- final yielde0
- Direction
- contributinge0
- Qualifier
- alternative sink for accumulated photosynthatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“new tillers after the heat stress, providing an alternative sink for accumulated photosynthates and significantly contributing to the final yield.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat initially inhibited flag leaf photosystem II maximum quantum efficiency.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat treatmente0
- Outcome
- flag leaf maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Measurements of flag leaf maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) showed an initial inhibition after the heat treatment, followed by a full recovery within a few days.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag leaf Fv/Fm recovered fully within days after heat.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- flag leaf maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- full recoverye0
- Qualifier
- within a few dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Measurements of flag leaf maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) showed an initial inhibition after the heat treatment, followed by a full recovery within a few days.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress was associated with earlier or faster leaf senescence by SPAD model fitting.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- senescence ratee0
- Direction
- fastere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“model fitting using chlorophyll soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements showed an earlier onset or faster senescence rate under heat stress.”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose heat-tolerant genotypes for mechanism studies and breeding.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- heat-tolerant wheat genotypese0
- Outcome
- breed climate-resilient wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The identified heat-tolerant wheat genotypes can be used to dissect the underlying mechanisms and breed climate-resilient wheat.”
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