Abstract
Innovations in water-saving cultivation strategies are urgently needed to achieve high yield and elevated water use efficiency (WUE) simultaneously in arid regions with limited water resources. Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET). These combinations included three conventional flat planting (CF) patterns, including CF without mulch (CFNM), with plastic film (CFPM), and with wheat straw mulch (CFSM); three raised-bed planting (RB) patterns, including RB without mulch (RBNM), with plastic film (RBPM), and wheat straw (RBSM) mulch; and two ridge–furrow planting (RF) patterns, including RF without mulch (RFNM) and with plastic film mulch (RFPM). The results showed that the tested treatments affected the SWC at different depths under both irrigation rates. Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively. All measured wheat parameters, except harvest index, were significantly affected by the interaction between irrigation rate and PPs. The highest values for plant dry weight (PDW), yield components, grain yield (GY), and WUE under 1.00 ET were obtained in the two PPs with wheat straw mulch, while the three PPs with plastic film showed the highest values of these parameters under 0.50 ET. The yield response factor (Ky) based on PDW was acceptable for all PPs mulched with plastic film and wheat straw as well as for RFNM, while Ky based on GY was acceptable only for the PPs mulched with plastic film and for RFNM, as the Ky values of these PPs were less than 1 under 0.50 ET. The SWC at different depths exhibited quadratic and nonsignificant relationships with all parameters under 1.00 ET, while these relationships were linear and strong under 0.50 ET, with a few exceptions. Overall, we conclude that combining any PPs with plastic film mulching could be used as a feasible and effective strategy for obtaining high wheat yield and WUE in the irrigated and arid agroecosystem.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulching raised soil water content by 14.4–22.0% at 0–20 cm before irrigation compared with non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- plastic filme1
- Outcome
- SWCe1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 14.4–22.0%e1
- Qualifier
- at 0–20 cm soil depthe1
- Comparator
- the two non-mulched treatmentse1
- Setting
- two-year field studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e1“Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulching raised soil water content by 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm before irrigation compared with non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulchinge1
- Outcome
- SWCe1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 6.9–17.2%e1
- Qualifier
- at 0–20 cm soil depthe1
- Comparator
- the two non-mulched treatmentse1
- Setting
- two-year field studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e1“Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulching raised soil water content by 16.4–29.0% at 20–40 cm before irrigation compared with non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- plastic filme1
- Outcome
- SWCe1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 16.4–29.0%e1
- Qualifier
- at 20–40 cm soil depthe1
- Comparator
- the two non-mulched treatmentse1
- Setting
- two-year field studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e1“Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulching raised soil water content by 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm before irrigation compared with non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulchinge1
- Outcome
- SWCe1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 6.6–14.9%e1
- Qualifier
- at 20–40 cm soil depthe1
- Comparator
- the two non-mulched treatmentse1
- Setting
- two-year field studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e1“Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulching raised soil water content by 3.3–34.8% at 40–60 cm before irrigation compared with non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- plastic filme1
- Outcome
- SWCe1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 3.3–34.8%e1
- Qualifier
- at 40–60 cm soil depthe1
- Comparator
- the two non-mulched treatmentse1
- Setting
- two-year field studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e1“Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulching raised soil water content by 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm before irrigation compared with non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulchinge1
- Outcome
- SWCe1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 3.4–14.5%e1
- Qualifier
- at 40–60 cm soil depthe1
- Comparator
- the two non-mulched treatmentse1
- Setting
- two-year field studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e1“Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting pattern and irrigation rate interacted to significantly affect the measured wheat parameters, except harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- interaction between irrigation rate and PPse2
- Outcome
- measured wheat parameterse2
- Direction
- significantly affectede2
- Qualifier
- except harvest indexe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e2“All measured wheat parameters, except harvest index, were significantly affected by the interaction between irrigation rate and PPs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulch planting patterns gave the highest plant dry weight, yield components and grain yield under 1.00 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulche3
- Outcome
- plant dry weight (PDW), yield components, grain yield (GY)e3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Qualifier
- under 1.00 ETe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e3“The highest values for plant dry weight (PDW), yield components, grain yield (GY), and WUE under 1.00 ET were obtained in the two PPs with wheat straw mulch, while the three PPs with plastic film showed the highest values of these parameters under 0.50 ET.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulch planting patterns gave the highest WUE under 1.00 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw mulche3
- Outcome
- WUEe3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Qualifier
- under 1.00 ETe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e3“The highest values for plant dry weight (PDW), yield components, grain yield (GY), and WUE under 1.00 ET were obtained in the two PPs with wheat straw mulch, while the three PPs with plastic film showed the highest values of these parameters under 0.50 ET.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film planting patterns gave the highest values of the measured parameters under 0.50 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- plastic filme3
- Outcome
- these parameterse3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Qualifier
- under 0.50 ETe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e3“The highest values for plant dry weight (PDW), yield components, grain yield (GY), and WUE under 1.00 ET were obtained in the two PPs with wheat straw mulch, while the three PPs with plastic film showed the highest values of these parameters under 0.50 ET.”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield response factor based on plant dry weight was acceptable for all planting patterns mulched with plastic film or wheat straw.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yield response factor (Ky) based on PDWe4
- Qualifier
- acceptable for all PPs mulched with plastic film and wheat strawe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e4“The yield response factor (Ky) based on PDW was acceptable for all PPs mulched with plastic film and wheat straw as well as for RFNM, while Ky based on GY was acceptable only for the PPs mulched with plastic film and for RFNM, as the Ky values of these PPs were less than 1 under 0.50 ET.”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield response factor based on grain yield was acceptable only for plastic-mulched planting patterns and RFNM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Ky based on GYe4
- Qualifier
- acceptable only for the PPs mulched with plastic film and for RFNMe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e4“The yield response factor (Ky) based on PDW was acceptable for all PPs mulched with plastic film and wheat straw as well as for RFNM, while Ky based on GY was acceptable only for the PPs mulched with plastic film and for RFNM, as the Ky values of these PPs were less than 1 under 0.50 ET.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water content at different depths had quadratic and nonsignificant relationships with all parameters under 1.00 ET.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SWC at different depthse5
- Outcome
- all parameterse5
- Direction
- quadratic and nonsignificante5
- Qualifier
- under 1.00 ETe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e5“The SWC at different depths exhibited quadratic and nonsignificant relationships with all parameters under 1.00 ET, while these relationships were linear and strong under 0.50 ET, with a few exceptions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water content at different depths had linear and strong relationships with all parameters under 0.50 ET, with a few exceptions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SWC at different depthse5
- Outcome
- all parameterse5
- Direction
- linear and stronge5
- Qualifier
- with a few exceptionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e5“The SWC at different depths exhibited quadratic and nonsignificant relationships with all parameters under 1.00 ET, while these relationships were linear and strong under 0.50 ET, with a few exceptions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining any planting pattern with plastic film mulching is a feasible and effective strategy for high wheat yield and WUE in irrigated arid agroecosystems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- high wheat yield and WUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, we conclude that combining any PPs with plastic film mulching could be used as a feasible and effective strategy for obtaining high wheat yield and WUE in the irrigated and arid agroecosystem.”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested treatments affected soil water content at different depths under both irrigation rates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the tested treatmentse6
- Outcome
- the SWC at different depthse6
- Direction
- affectede6
- Qualifier
- under both irrigation ratese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET).”
e6“The results showed that the tested treatments affected the SWC at different depths under both irrigation rates.”
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