Abstract
The majority of terrestrial plants can form symbiotic associations on their roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil to stimulate the growth and nutrient uptake of the host plant and to improve plant resistance to insects and disease. However, the use of AMF for insect control on gramineous forages requires further study. Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans . Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. The results of insect damage showed that in addition to a decrease in the enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, the activities of other plant defense-related enzymes (including polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase) were increased. A key enzyme, LOX, belonging to the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway was notably increased in mycorrhizal treatment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the results showed that several metabolites with insect-resistant properties, including D-Limonene, p-Xylene, 1,3-Diethylbenzene were detected in mycorrhizal plants. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation has potential applications in insect management on forage grasses and demonstrates that the JA signaling pathway is essential for insect resistance in Elymus nutans .
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation gave Elymus nutans a higher resistance to Locusta migratoria than non-inoculated plants
- Taxon
- Elymus nutansCampeiostachys nutanse1
- Treatment
- AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Locusta migratoria
Locusta migratoriae1pest - Outcome
- resistancee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e2“Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal Elymus nutans plants had more plant biomass than non-inoculated plants
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e2“Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal Elymus nutans plants had a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content than non-inoculated plants
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e2“Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation increased LOX (lipoxygenase) activity in Elymus nutans
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e2“Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity”
e4“A key enzyme, LOX, belonging to the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway was notably increased in mycorrhizal treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect damage decreased phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase enzyme activity in Elymus nutans
- Taxon
- Elymus nutansCampeiostachys nutanse1
- Treatment
- insect damagee3
- Interactor
- Locusta migratoriaLocusta migratoriae1pest
- Outcome
- enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyasee3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e3“The results of insect damage showed that in addition to a decrease in the enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, the activities of other plant defense-related enzymes (including polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase) were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect damage increased polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in Elymus nutans
- Taxon
- Elymus nutansCampeiostachys nutanse1
- Treatment
- insect damagee3
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanasee3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e3“The results of insect damage showed that in addition to a decrease in the enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, the activities of other plant defense-related enzymes (including polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase) were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Several volatile metabolites with insect-resistant properties were detected in mycorrhizal Elymus nutans plants
- Taxon
- Elymus nutansCampeiostachys nutanse1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal plantse5
- Outcome
- metabolites with insect-resistant properties, including D-Limonene, p-Xylene, 1,3-Diethylbenzenee5
Verbatim
e1“Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF ( Funneliformis mosseae ) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans”
e5“several metabolites with insect-resistant properties, including D-Limonene, p-Xylene, 1,3-Diethylbenzene were detected in mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The jasmonic acid signaling pathway is essential for insect resistance in Elymus nutans
- Taxon
- Elymus nutansCampeiostachys nutanse6
- Outcome
- insect resistancee6
- Qualifier
- the JA signaling pathway is essentiale6
Verbatim
e6“demonstrates that the JA signaling pathway is essential for insect resistance in Elymus nutans”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation has potential applications in insect management on forage grasses
Verbatim
e7“These findings suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation has potential applications in insect management on forage grasses”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · nutrient: content · Campeiostachys nutansResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · growth · Campeiostachys nutansResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
inoculation · growth · Campeiostachys nutansResults agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.