Abstract
A two-year experiment was undertaken during kharif seasons of the year 2019 and 2020 to investigate the effect of bioorganic nutrient sources (farmyard manure, vermicompost, jeevamrit, and ghanjeevamrit) and inorganic fertilizers on residual soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and fruit yield of okra in Entisols of Himachal Pradesh. The experiment consisted of nine treatments with varying combinations of nutrient sources. Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents. Further, the treatment T6 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1] obtained the greatest value for okra yield (11.95 t ha-1) along with more uptake of macro and micro nutrients by the plants. This superior combination (T6) recorded an increase of 21.3% in yield over T2 (RPMF) as well as the highest net returns (₹ 1,50,258/ha) and B:C ratio (2.69). Thus, it can be inferred that the conjoint use of jeevamrit (100% N equivalence) with farmyard manure or vermicompost is beneficial for improving residual soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and sustainable okra production with 100% net saving of fertilizers.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1).
- Taxon
- Okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- residual soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.00 g kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- culturable microbial counte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 67.43 mg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 37.40 mg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- plant-available Ne0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 309.3 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest P (23.2 kg ha−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 23.2 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest K (187.9 kg ha−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 187.9 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest S (60.3 kg ha−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Se0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 60.3 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest Fe (15.55 mg kg−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 15.55 mg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest Cu (1.92 mg kg−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.92 mg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest Mn (11.73 mg kg−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Mne0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.73 mg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave the highest Zn (1.62 mg kg−1).
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.62 mg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T3 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + farmyard manure @ 10 t ha−1] resulted in highest residual soil organic carbon (12.00 g kg−1), culturable microbial count (69.67 cfu g−1 soil × 105), microbial biomass carbon (67.43 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (37.40 mg kg−1) as well as maximum plant-available N (309.3 kg ha−1), P (23.2 kg ha−1), K (187.9 kg ha−1), S (60.3 kg ha−1), Fe (15.55 mg kg−1), Cu (1.92 mg kg−1), Mn (11.73 mg kg−1) and Zn (1.62 mg kg−1) contents.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 gave the greatest okra yield, 11.95 t ha-1.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1e0
- Outcome
- okra yielde0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 11.95 t ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further, the treatment T6 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1] obtained the greatest value for okra yield (11.95 t ha-1) along with more uptake of macro and micro nutrients by the plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 increased plant macro and micronutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1e0
- Outcome
- uptake of macro and micro nutrientse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further, the treatment T6 [jeevamrit application (100% N equivalence) + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1] obtained the greatest value for okra yield (11.95 t ha-1) along with more uptake of macro and micro nutrients by the plants.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 increased yield by 21.3% over T2.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- T6e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21.3%e0
- Comparator
- T2 (RPMF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This superior combination (T6) recorded an increase of 21.3% in yield over T2 (RPMF) as well as the highest net returns (₹ 1,50,258/ha) and B:C ratio (2.69).”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 had the highest net returns, ₹ 1,50,258/ha.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- T6e0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- ₹ 1,50,258/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This superior combination (T6) recorded an increase of 21.3% in yield over T2 (RPMF) as well as the highest net returns (₹ 1,50,258/ha) and B:C ratio (2.69).”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 had the highest benefit-cost ratio, 2.69.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This superior combination (T6) recorded an increase of 21.3% in yield over T2 (RPMF) as well as the highest net returns (₹ 1,50,258/ha) and B:C ratio (2.69).”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that conjoint jeevamrit with manure or vermicompost improves residual fertility, nutrient uptake, and sustainable okra production while saving fertilizer.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Outcome
- conjoint use of jeevamrit (100% N equivalence) with farmyard manure or vermicomposte0
- Value
- 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, it can be inferred that the conjoint use of jeevamrit (100% N equivalence) with farmyard manure or vermicompost is beneficial for improving residual soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and sustainable okra production with 100% net saving of fertilizers.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.