Abstract
The rhizosphere is the thin region of the soil that is directly affected by secretion from the roots and the microbes accompanying the soil, known as the root microbiome. The rhizosphere involving the pores of the soil includes many beneficial bacteria and other diverse microorganisms. The field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season at the Lasalgaon taluka of Nashik district farmers’ field, Maharashtra, India, to determine the influence of biofertilizers on onion. To study the effect of five combinations of biofertilizers compared with the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers on cash crop onion cv. Nashik Red. The treatments were control (100% RRF), Azotobacter + AM fungi, Azospirillum + AM fungi, Azotobacter + Azospirillum, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AM fungi and Bio consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi. Height (64.24 ± 3.22 cm) and the number of leaves (13.58 ± 3.12) of the plant was maximum with the application of the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi. The maximum leaf area (84.45 ± 2.44 cm2) was recorded in T6 and the minimum in T4 (82.45 ± 2.25). Different doses of onion plants inoculated with biofertilizers showed a significant increase in quality parameters such as neck thickness (1.12 ± 0.22cm), bulb diameter (14.45 ± 0.53cm), bulb size index (19.45 to ± 0.51 cm2), bulb weight (68.15 ± 2.27g), bulb length (6.21 to ± 1.48 cm), bulb scale (11.23 ± 1.23) was maximum in the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi treated onion. Biofertilizers such as consortium treatments such as consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi resulted in a better morphological character, quality yield, TSS, starch, reduction sugar, quercetin contents among root colonization of mycorrhizae compared to the uninoculated control (100% RRF). The consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi and 100% RRF provided a maximum bulb length of 6.21 ± 1.48cm and 6.12 ± 1.59cm, respectively. The maximum number of scales per bulb (11.23 ± 1.23) was counted by the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi. Plants treated with the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi produced the maximum bulb weight (68.15 ± 2.27g) and the minimum (64.23 ± 2.39 g) in Azotobacter + Azospirillum. The maximum TSS (13.354 %) was noticed in T6 and the minimum in T3. The maximum percentage of starch (6.65%) and the highest percentage of reducing sugars (1.98%) were detected by Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AM fungi. Total pooled weight loss (%) up to 60 days was found to be minimal (11.87%) by Azotobacter + AM fungi followed by Azotobacter + Azospirillum (14.40%). The maximum colonization of mycorrhizae (79.9%) was recorded in the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi and the minimum in the control (46.67%). It was therefore concluded that the combination of the consortium (NPK bioinoculum) + Azospirillum + AM fungi are improved for onion quality and productivity than the others in terms of sustainable production and environmental consideration.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium treatment gave maximum plant height of 64.24 ± 3.22 cm.
- Taxon
- Onion
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- Heighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 64.24 ± 3.22 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Height (64.24 ± 3.22 cm) and the number of leaves (13.58 ± 3.12) of the plant was maximum with the application of the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi.”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium treatment gave maximum leaf number of 13.58 ± 3.12.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 13.58 ± 3.12e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of leaves (13.58 ± 3.12) of the plant was maximum with the application of the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 gave maximum leaf area of 84.45 ± 2.44 cm2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum leaf area (84.45 ± 2.44 cm2) was recorded in T6”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave minimum leaf area of 82.45 ± 2.25.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum leaf area (84.45 ± 2.44 cm2) was recorded in T6 and the minimum in T4 (82.45 ± 2.25)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer inoculation increased neck thickness, bulb diameter and bulb size index.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- quality parameters such as neck thickness (1.12 ± 0.22cm), bulb diameter (14.45 ± 0.53cm), bulb size indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizers showed a significant increase in quality parameters such as neck thickness (1.12 ± 0.22cm), bulb diameter (14.45 ± 0.53cm), bulb size index (19.45 to ± 0.51 cm2)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium treatment gave maximum bulb weight of 68.15 ± 2.27g.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- bulb weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 68.15 ± 2.27ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi produced the maximum bulb weight (68.15 ± 2.27g)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium gave maximum bulb length of 6.21 ± 1.48cm.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- bulb lengthe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.21 ± 1.48cme0
- Comparator
- 100% RRFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi and 100% RRF provided a maximum bulb length of 6.21 ± 1.48cm and 6.12 ± 1.59cm, respectively.”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium yielded maximum scales per bulb of 11.23 ± 1.23.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- number of scales per bulbe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.23 ± 1.23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum number of scales per bulb (11.23 ± 1.23) was counted by the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi.”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter plus Azospirillum gave minimum bulb weight of 64.23 ± 2.39 g.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter + Azospirillume0
- Outcome
- bulb weighte0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 64.23 ± 2.39 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi produced the maximum bulb weight (68.15 ± 2.27g) and the minimum (64.23 ± 2.39 g) in Azotobacter + Azospirillum”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 gave maximum TSS of 13.354 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum TSS (13.354 %) was noticed in T6”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave minimum TSS.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- minimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum TSS (13.354 %) was noticed in T6 and the minimum in T3”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter, Azospirillum and AM fungi gave maximum starch of 6.65%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum percentage of starch (6.65%) and the highest percentage of reducing sugars (1.98%) were detected by Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AM fungi.”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter, Azospirillum and AM fungi gave highest reducing sugars of 1.98%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest percentage of reducing sugars (1.98%) were detected by Azotobacter + Azospirillum + AM fungi”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter and AM fungi minimized pooled weight loss to 11.87% through 60 days.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- Total pooled weight losse0
- Direction
- minimale0
- Value
- 11.87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total pooled weight loss (%) up to 60 days was found to be minimal (11.87%) by Azotobacter + AM fungi”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter and Azospirillum yielded pooled weight loss of 14.40%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter + Azospirillume0
- Outcome
- weight losse0
- Value
- 14.40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total pooled weight loss (%) up to 60 days was found to be minimal (11.87%) by Azotobacter + AM fungi followed by Azotobacter + Azospirillum (14.40%)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium gave maximum mycorrhizal colonization of 79.9%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- colonization of mycorrhizaee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 79.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum colonization of mycorrhizae (79.9%) was recorded in the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The control had minimum mycorrhizal colonization of 46.67%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- colonization of mycorrhizaee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 46.67%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum colonization of mycorrhizae (79.9%) was recorded in the consortium (NPK) + Azospirillum + AM fungi and the minimum in the control (46.67%)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended the consortium for onion quality and productivity.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- consortium (NPK bioinoculum) + Azospirillum + AM fungie0
- Outcome
- onion quality and productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of the consortium (NPK bioinoculum) + Azospirillum + AM fungi are improved for onion quality and productivity than the others”
The same questions in other papers
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Azospirillum · disease · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Azospirillum · quality: sugar starch · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Azospirillum · quality: postharvest · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
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Azotobacter · quality: postharvest · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Azospirillum · growth · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
14 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 15 papers →Azospirillum · yield · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
23 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 24 papers →8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.