Abstract
Although phosphorus supplementation (SP) has been shown to improve salinity tolerance in plants, crosstalk between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or L-cysteine desulfhydrase (LDES) and SP-induced salinity tolerance needs to be elucidated. Thus, prior to initiation of stress treatment, young seedlings were transferred to aqueous solution containing the scavenger of H2S, 0.1 mM hypotaurine (HT), or the inhibitor of LDES, 0.3 mM DL-propargylglycine (PAG), for 12 h. The plants grown under control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl) were then supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4 for 5 weeks. SS caused a significant decrease in plant growth, PSII maximum efficiency, chlorophyll a and b, leaf water potential, relative water content, mineral element contents, ascorbate, and glutathione, but a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electron leakage, proline, the activities of different key antioxidant enzymes, Na+ contents, endogenous H2S, and LDES activity. The SP-induced tolerance to salinity stress of maize plants was found to be due to reduced leaf Na+ content and oxidative stress, as well as improved antioxidant defence system, leaf mineral nutrient contents, plant growth and photosynthetic traits, levels of H2S and proline, and LDES activity. However, HT significantly reversed the levels of H2S, but did not reduce LDES activity. The application of PAG reversed both H2S and LDES in the salinity-stressed maize plants. Both HT and PAG reversed the positive effects of SP on oxidative stress and the antioxidant defence system, suggesting that H2S and LDES both jointly participated in P-induced salinity tolerance of maize plants.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased maize plant growth, PSII maximum efficiency, and chlorophyll a and b
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- plant growth, PSII maximum efficiency, chlorophyll a and be1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e1“SS caused a significant decrease in plant growth, PSII maximum efficiency, chlorophyll a and b, leaf water potential, relative water content, mineral element contents, ascorbate, and glutathione”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased leaf water potential and relative water content in maize
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- leaf water potential, relative water contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e1“SS caused a significant decrease in plant growth, PSII maximum efficiency, chlorophyll a and b, leaf water potential, relative water content, mineral element contents, ascorbate, and glutathione”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased mineral element contents, ascorbate and glutathione in maize
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- mineral element contents, ascorbate, and glutathionee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e1“SS caused a significant decrease in plant growth, PSII maximum efficiency, chlorophyll a and b, leaf water potential, relative water content, mineral element contents, ascorbate, and glutathione”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly increased hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and electron leakage in maize
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electron leakagee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e2“a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electron leakage, proline, the activities of different key antioxidant enzymes, Na+ contents, endogenous H2S, and LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly increased proline and the activities of key antioxidant enzymes in maize
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- proline, the activities of different key antioxidant enzymese2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e2“a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electron leakage, proline, the activities of different key antioxidant enzymes, Na+ contents, endogenous H2S, and LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly increased leaf Na+ content in maize
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- Na+ contentse2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e2“a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electron leakage, proline, the activities of different key antioxidant enzymes, Na+ contents, endogenous H2S, and LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly increased endogenous H2S and LDES activity in maize
- Treatment
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous H2S, and LDES activitye2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- control (no NaCl added)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e2“a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electron leakage, proline, the activities of different key antioxidant enzymes, Na+ contents, endogenous H2S, and LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus supplementation reduced leaf Na+ content and oxidative stress in salinity-stressed maize
- Treatment
- supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4e3
- Outcome
- leaf Na+ content and oxidative stresse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e3“were then supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4 for 5 weeks”
e4“The SP-induced tolerance to salinity stress of maize plants was found to be due to reduced leaf Na+ content and oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus supplementation improved antioxidant defence system, leaf mineral nutrient contents and plant growth in salinity-stressed maize
- Treatment
- supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4e3
- Outcome
- antioxidant defence system, leaf mineral nutrient contents, plant growthe5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Comparator
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e3“were then supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4 for 5 weeks”
e5“as well as improved antioxidant defence system, leaf mineral nutrient contents, plant growth and photosynthetic traits, levels of H2S and proline, and LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus supplementation improved photosynthetic traits, H2S and proline levels, and LDES activity in salinity-stressed maize
- Treatment
- supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4e3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic traits, levels of H2S and proline, and LDES activitye5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Comparator
- salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e0“control (no NaCl added) or salinity stress (SS; 100 mM NaCl)”
e3“were then supplemented with SP (2.0 mM in total) as KH2PO4 for 5 weeks”
e5“as well as improved antioxidant defence system, leaf mineral nutrient contents, plant growth and photosynthetic traits, levels of H2S and proline, and LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotaurine significantly reversed the levels of H2S in maize
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e6“the scavenger of H2S, 0.1 mM hypotaurine (HT)”
e7“HT significantly reversed the levels of H2S, but did not reduce LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotaurine did not reduce LDES activity in maize
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e6“the scavenger of H2S, 0.1 mM hypotaurine (HT)”
e7“HT significantly reversed the levels of H2S, but did not reduce LDES activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Propargylglycine reversed both H2S and LDES in salinity-stressed maize
- Treatment
- DL-propargylglycine (PAG)e1
- Outcome
- H2S and LDESe2
- Direction
- reversede2
- Qualifier
- in the salinity-stressed maize plantse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e1“the inhibitor of LDES, 0.3 mM DL-propargylglycine (PAG)”
e2“The application of PAG reversed both H2S and LDES in the salinity-stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotaurine and propargylglycine both reversed the positive effects of phosphorus on oxidative stress and antioxidant defence in maize
- Treatment
- HT and PAGe1
- Outcome
- oxidative stress and the antioxidant defence systeme1
- Direction
- reversede1
- Qualifier
- positive effects of SPe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e1“Both HT and PAG reversed the positive effects of SP on oxidative stress and the antioxidant defence system”
Claim · model-written summary
H2S and LDES jointly participated in phosphorus-induced salinity tolerance of maize, as suggested by the authors
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays) plants”
e1“H2S and LDES both jointly participated in P-induced salinity tolerance of maize plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.