Abstract
The large economic costs and environmental impacts of iron-chelate treatments has led to the search for alternative methods and compounds to control iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis. Strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa) were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution in a greenhouse with two levels of Fe: 0 and 10 μM Fe(III)-EDDHA. After 20 days, plants growing without Fe showed typical symptoms of Fe deficiency chlorosis in young leaves. Then, the adaxial and abaxial sides of one mature or one young leaf in each plant were brushed with 10 mM malic (MA), citric (CA) or succinic (SA) acids. Eight applications were done over a two-week period. At the end of the experiment, the newly emerged (therefore untreated), young and mature leaves were sampled for nutritional and metabolomic analysis, to assess the effectiveness of treatments. Leaf regreening was monitored using a SPAD-502 apparatus, and the activity of the ferric chelate-reductase activity (FCR) was measured using root tips. Iron deficiency negatively affected biomass and leaf chlorophyll but did not increase FCR activity. Application of succinic acid alleviated the decrease in chlorophyll observed in other treatments, and the overall nutritional balance in the plant was also changed. The concentrations of two quinic acid derivatives increased under Fe deficiency and decreased in plants treated with succinic acid, and thus they are proposed as Fe stress markers. Data suggest that foliage treatments with carboxylates may be, in some cases, environmentally friendly alternatives to Fe(III)-chelates. The importance of Fe mobilization pathways in the formulation of new fertilizers is also discussed.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency caused chlorosis in young strawberry leaves.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plants
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Organ / stage
- young leavese0
- Treatment
- without Fee0
- Outcome
- Fe deficiency chlorosise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“plants growing without Fe showed typical symptoms of Fe deficiency chlorosis in young leaves”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency reduced strawberry biomass.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Iron deficiencye0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron deficiency negatively affected biomass”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency reduced leaf chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Iron deficiencye0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophylle0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron deficiency negatively affected biomass and leaf chlorophyll”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency did not increase FCR activity.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Iron deficiencye0
- Outcome
- FCR activitye0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron deficiency negatively affected biomass and leaf chlorophyll but did not increase FCR activity.”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Succinic acid alleviated loss of chlorophyll compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- succinic acide0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- alleviated the decreasee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of succinic acid alleviated the decrease in chlorophyll observed in other treatments”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Succinic acid changed overall plant nutritional balance.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- succinic acide1
- Outcome
- overall nutritional balancee0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the overall nutritional balance in the plant was also changed”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
e1“Application of succinic acid alleviated the decrease in chlorophyll observed in other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency increased concentrations of two quinic acid derivatives.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Fe deficiencye0
- Outcome
- concentrations of two quinic acid derivativese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of two quinic acid derivatives increased under Fe deficiency”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Succinic acid decreased concentrations of two quinic acid derivatives.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- succinic acide0
- Outcome
- concentrations of two quinic acid derivativese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of two quinic acid derivatives increased under Fe deficiency and decreased in plants treated with succinic acid”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed two quinic acid derivatives as iron stress markers.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Fe stress markerse0
- Qualifier
- two quinic acid derivativese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two quinic acid derivatives increased under Fe deficiency and decreased in plants treated with succinic acid, and thus they are proposed as Fe stress markers”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested foliar carboxylates as potentially environmentally friendly alternatives to iron chelates.
- Taxon
- Strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- foliage treatments with carboxylatese0
- Outcome
- environmentally friendly alternatives to Fe(III)-chelatese0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliage treatments with carboxylates may be, in some cases, environmentally friendly alternatives to Fe(III)-chelates”
t0“Effects of foliar application of organic acids on strawberry plants”
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