Abstract
Five field experiments were conducted in Ontario to determine the tolerance of dry beans to pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (527 and 1054 g ai ha-1) applied preplant. Pyraflufen-ethyl at 6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1 caused < 2% injury in azuki, kidney, small red, and white bean. 2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean; up to 5 and 12% injury in kidney bean; up to 7 and 12% injury in small red bean; and up to 5 and 8% injury in white bean, respectively. Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean; 5 and 11% injury in kidney bean; 7 and 13% injury in small red bean; and 5 and 10% injury in white bean, respectively. Pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) or their combination applied preplant caused no adverse effect on dry bean stand, aboveground dry biomass, height, seed moisture content, or yield except for 2,4-D (2X rate) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (2X rate) which reduced dry bean aboveground biomass as much as 32% and plant height up to 28%. This study concludes that pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 g ai ha-1), and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (527 g ai ha-1) applied preplant is safe to use for weed management in azuki, kidney, small red, and white bean. However, care must be taken to avoid spray overlaps with 2,4-D ester and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester to avoid unacceptable dry bean injury.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraflufen-ethyl at 6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1 caused less than 2% injury in azuki, kidney, small red and white bean.
- Taxon
- azuki, kidney, small red, and white beane0
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl at 6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- < 2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl at 6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1 caused < 2% injury in azuki, kidney, small red, and white bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean.
- Taxon
- azuki bean
Vigna angularise0 - Treatment
- 2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- up to 4 and 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 5 and 12% injury in kidney bean.
- Taxon
- kidney bean
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Treatment
- 2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- up to 5 and 12%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1”
e1“up to 5 and 12% injury in kidney bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 7 and 12% injury in small red bean.
- Taxon
- small red beane1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- up to 7 and 12%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1”
e1“up to 7 and 12% injury in small red bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 5 and 8% injury in white bean.
- Taxon
- white beane1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- up to 5 and 8%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1”
e1“up to 5 and 8% injury in white bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- up to 4 and 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused 5 and 11% injury in kidney bean.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 5 and 11%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1”
e1“5 and 11% injury in kidney bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused 7 and 13% injury in small red bean.
- Taxon
- small red beane1
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 7 and 13%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1”
e1“7 and 13% injury in small red bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused 5 and 10% injury in white bean.
- Taxon
- white beane1
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 5 and 10%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1”
e1“5 and 10% injury in white bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant pyraflufen-ethyl, 2,4-D ester or their combination had no adverse effect on dry bean stand, aboveground dry biomass or height (apart from the 2X-rate exceptions).
- Taxon
- dry beane0
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) or their combination applied preplante0
- Outcome
- dry bean stand, aboveground dry biomass, heighte0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) or their combination applied preplant caused no adverse effect on dry bean stand, aboveground dry biomass, height, seed moisture content, or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant pyraflufen-ethyl, 2,4-D ester or their combination had no adverse effect on dry bean seed moisture content or yield.
- Taxon
- dry beane0
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) or their combination applied preplante0
- Outcome
- seed moisture content, or yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) or their combination applied preplant caused no adverse effect on dry bean stand, aboveground dry biomass, height, seed moisture content, or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D at the 2X rate and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at the 2X rate reduced dry bean aboveground biomass by as much as 32%.
- Taxon
- dry beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D (2X rate) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (2X rate)e0
- Outcome
- dry bean aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- as much as 32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“except for 2,4-D (2X rate) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (2X rate) which reduced dry bean aboveground biomass as much as 32% and plant height up to 28%”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D at the 2X rate and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at the 2X rate reduced dry bean plant height by up to 28%.
- Taxon
- dry beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D (2X rate) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (2X rate)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“except for 2,4-D (2X rate) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (2X rate) which reduced dry bean aboveground biomass as much as 32% and plant height up to 28%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that preplant pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 g ai ha-1) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (527 g ai ha-1) are safe for weed management in azuki, kidney, small red and white bean.
Verbatim
e0“pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 g ai ha-1), and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (527 g ai ha-1) applied preplant is safe to use for weed management in azuki, kidney, small red, and white bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise care to avoid spray overlaps with 2,4-D ester and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester to avoid unacceptable dry bean injury.
Verbatim
e0“care must be taken to avoid spray overlaps with 2,4-D ester and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester to avoid unacceptable dry bean injury”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
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See all 18 papers →ester · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
2,4-D · crop injury · Vigna angularis (adzuki bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
ester · crop injury · Vigna angularis (adzuki bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
2,4-D · crop injury · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.