Abstract
Six field studies were completed in Ontario (during 2016 to 2018) to assess the tolerance of adzuki, kidney, small red and navy bean to 2,4-D ester at 528 or 1056 g·ai·ha-1 applied 14, 7 and 1 day before seeding (PP) and 3 days after seeding (PRE). 2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively. There was an increase in bean injury as the preplant interval decreased. At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively. The level of injury decreased over time with minimal bean injury (0 to 3%) at 8 WAE. Bean stand counts were similar to the non-treated control with 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D at the 2X rate decreased bean stand 13%. There was up to 23% and 43% decrease in bean dry weight with 2,4-D applied PP at 528 and 1056 g·ai·ha-1 7 and 1 day PP, respectively. Bean height (6 WAE) was not affected by 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP when 2,4-D (1056 g·ai·ha-1) decreased bean height 10%. Additionally, there was no effect of 2,4-D treatments on bean maturity or yield. Based on these results, the safest times to apply 2,4-D are 14 days before seeding or PRE. Injury was higher when 2,4-D was applied 7 and 1 day PP. Injury was lower in adzuki bean compared to kidney, small red or navy bean.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant or preemergence 2,4-D caused up to 4% injury in adzuki bean.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Material
- adzukie0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied PP or PREe0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant or preemergence 2,4-D caused up to 6% injury in kidney bean.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Material
- kidneye0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied PP or PREe0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant or preemergence 2,4-D caused up to 7% injury in small red bean.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Material
- small rede0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied PP or PREe0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant or preemergence 2,4-D caused up to 8% injury in navy bean.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Material
- navy (white)e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied PP or PREe0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D applied PP or PRE caused as much as 4%, 6%, 7% and 8% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red and navy (white) bean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean injury increased as the preplant interval shortened.
Verbatim
e0“There was an increase in bean injury as the preplant interval decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1 WAE, 1056 g·ai·ha-1 2,4-D applied 14 days preplant caused up to 6% injury.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14e0
- Outcome
- visible bean injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- At 1 WAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied 7 days preplant caused up to 10% injury.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1e0
- Outcome
- visible bean injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- 7 and 1 day PPe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied 1 day preplant caused up to 18% injury.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1e0
- Outcome
- visible bean injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Qualifier
- 1 day PPe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1 WAE, postseeding 2,4-D caused up to 5% injury.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1e0
- Outcome
- visible bean injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Qualifier
- 3 days after seedinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 1 WAE, 2,4-D applied at 1056 g·ai·ha-1 14, 7 and 1 day PP and 3 days after seeding caused up to 6%, 10%, 18% and 5% visible bean injury, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean injury declined to 0–3% by 8 WAE.
Verbatim
e0“The level of injury decreased over time with minimal bean injury (0 to 3%) at 8 WAE”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day preplant 2X-rate 2,4-D decreased bean stand by 13%.
Verbatim
e0“at 1 day PP when 2,4-D at the 2X rate decreased bean stand 13%”
e1“non-treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Other application timings had stand counts similar to untreated control.
Verbatim
e0“Bean stand counts were similar to the non-treated control with 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP”
Claim · model-written summary
The 528 g·ai·ha-1 preplant rate reduced bean dry weight by up to 23%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“up to 23% and 43% decrease in bean dry weight with 2,4-D applied PP at 528 and 1056 g·ai·ha-1 7 and 1 day PP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1056 g·ai·ha-1 preplant rate reduced bean dry weight by up to 43%.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applied PPe0
- Outcome
- bean dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Qualifier
- 1056 g·ai·ha-1 7 and 1 day PPe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“up to 23% and 43% decrease in bean dry weight with 2,4-D applied PP at 528 and 1056 g·ai·ha-1 7 and 1 day PP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day preplant 1056 g·ai·ha-1 2,4-D decreased bean height by 10%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“at 1 day PP when 2,4-D (1056 g·ai·ha-1) decreased bean height 10%”
Claim · model-written summary
Other 2,4-D timings did not affect bean height.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bean height (6 WAE) was not affected by 2,4-D applied at various timings except at 1 day PP”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D treatments had no reported effect on bean maturity or yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“there was no effect of 2,4-D treatments on bean maturity or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended 14-day preplant or preemergence application as safest.
Verbatim
e0“the safest times to apply 2,4-D are 14 days before seeding or PRE”
t0“Dry Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury was higher with 7- and 1-day preplant application.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Injury was higher when 2,4-D was applied 7 and 1 day PP”
t0“Dry Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Adzuki bean had less injury than kidney, small red and navy bean.
Verbatim
e0“Injury was lower in adzuki bean compared to kidney, small red or navy bean”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.