Abstract
With increasing pressure to reduce disposal of yard waste in landfills, many homeowners are seeking alternative methods for grass clipping disposal. When turf is treated with pesticides, the collected grass clippings become a potential source of injury to susceptible plants that come in contact with the clippings. In this study, grass clippings were collected at 2, 7, and 14 days after pesticide treatment from a turf treated with chlorpyrifos, clopyralid, 2,4-D, flurprimidol, isoxaben, or triclopyr. The clippings were used as a mulch around Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bush bean), Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. (petunia), and Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. (impatiens). Beans were planted 4 weeks prior to mulching, whereas the other plants were grown in the greenhouse for 6 weeks and transplanted into the field 2 weeks prior to mulching. Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT) and severely injured these same species when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT. Flurprimidol injured tomato, impatiens, and bean plants when present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethal. Flurprimidol slowed plant growth, caused darker green leaf color, and reduced flowering when mulched at 2 DAPT. Isoxaben injured tomato and bean plants when present on mulch used 2, 7, and 14 DAPT but was not lethal. Injury was not as severe in the second year of the study, indicating different environmental stresses and climatic conditions make predicting pesticide injury for all growing seasons difficult; however, grass clippings from a turf treated with herbicides or plant growth regulators should not be used for mulch around sensitive plants for at least 14 DAPT. Chemical names used: 0,0-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos); 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, triethylamine salt (clopyralid); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt (2,4-D); α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); N -[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide and isomers (isoxaben); 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxy acetic acid, triethylamine salt (triclopyr).
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Grass clippings with clopyralid, 2,4-D or triclopyr residues killed tomato plants when used as mulch 2 days after pesticide treatment.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyre0
- Outcome
- killede0
- Qualifier
- used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass clippings with clopyralid, 2,4-D or triclopyr residues killed bean plants when used as mulch 2 days after pesticide treatment.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyre0
- Outcome
- killede0
- Qualifier
- used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass clippings with clopyralid, 2,4-D or triclopyr residues killed petunia plants when used as mulch 2 days after pesticide treatment.
- Treatment
- Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyre0
- Outcome
- killede0
- Qualifier
- used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT)e0
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same clopyralid, 2,4-D or triclopyr residue clippings severely injured tomato plants when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyre0
- Outcome
- severely injurede0
- Qualifier
- mulched 7 and 14 DAPTe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT) and severely injured these same species when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT”
Claim · model-written summary
The same clopyralid, 2,4-D or triclopyr residue clippings severely injured bean plants when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyre0
- Outcome
- severely injurede0
- Qualifier
- mulched 7 and 14 DAPTe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT) and severely injured these same species when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT”
Claim · model-written summary
The same clopyralid, 2,4-D or triclopyr residue clippings severely injured petunia plants when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT.
- Treatment
- Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyre0
- Outcome
- severely injurede0
- Qualifier
- mulched 7 and 14 DAPTe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clippings containing residues of clopyralid, 2,4-D, or triclopyr killed tomato, bean, and petunia plants when used 2 days after pesticide treatment (DAPT) and severely injured these same species when mulched 7 and 14 DAPT”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol on mulch collected 2, 7 and 14 DAPT injured tomato plants but was not lethal.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Flurprimidole0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Qualifier
- present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethale0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flurprimidol injured tomato, impatiens, and bean plants when present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethal”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol on mulch collected 2, 7 and 14 DAPT injured impatiens plants but was not lethal.
- Treatment
- Flurprimidole0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Qualifier
- present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethale0
ImpatiensNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flurprimidol injured tomato, impatiens, and bean plants when present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethal”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol on mulch collected 2, 7 and 14 DAPT injured bean plants but was not lethal.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- Flurprimidole0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Qualifier
- present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethale0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Flurprimidol injured tomato, impatiens, and bean plants when present on mulch collected 2, 7, and 14 DAPT, but was not lethal”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoxaben on mulch used 2, 7 and 14 DAPT injured tomato plants but was not lethal.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Isoxabene0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Qualifier
- mulch used 2, 7, and 14 DAPT but was not lethale0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoxaben injured tomato and bean plants when present on mulch used 2, 7, and 14 DAPT but was not lethal”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoxaben on mulch used 2, 7 and 14 DAPT injured bean plants but was not lethal.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- Isoxabene0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Qualifier
- mulch used 2, 7, and 14 DAPT but was not lethale0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Isoxaben injured tomato and bean plants when present on mulch used 2, 7, and 14 DAPT but was not lethal”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol slowed plant growth when mulched at 2 DAPT.
- Taxon
- Ornamental Plantst0
- Treatment
- Flurprimidole0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Qualifier
- mulched at 2 DAPTe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Flurprimidol slowed plant growth, caused darker green leaf color, and reduced flowering when mulched at 2 DAPT”
t0“Ornamental Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol caused darker green leaf color when mulched at 2 DAPT.
- Taxon
- Ornamental Plantst0
- Treatment
- Flurprimidole0
- Outcome
- darker green leaf colore0
- Direction
- darkere0
- Qualifier
- mulched at 2 DAPTe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Flurprimidol slowed plant growth, caused darker green leaf color, and reduced flowering when mulched at 2 DAPT”
t0“Ornamental Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol reduced flowering when mulched at 2 DAPT.
- Taxon
- Ornamental Plantst0
- Treatment
- Flurprimidole0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- mulched at 2 DAPTe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Flurprimidol slowed plant growth, caused darker green leaf color, and reduced flowering when mulched at 2 DAPT”
t0“Ornamental Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury was not as severe in the second year of the study.
Verbatim
e0“Injury was not as severe in the second year of the study”
t0“Ornamental Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass clippings from turf treated with herbicides or plant growth regulators should not be used for mulch around sensitive plants for at least 14 DAPT.
- Taxon
- sensitive plants
Mimosa pudicae0 - Outcome
- should not be used for mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grass clippings from a turf treated with herbicides or plant growth regulators should not be used for mulch around sensitive plants for at least 14 DAPT”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
clopyralid · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
trichlopyr · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
2,4-D · crop injury · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.