Abstract
The adoption of cultures tolerant to synthetic auxins can increase the occurrence of drift of these herbicides, interfering in the development of naturally sensitive cultures, such as beans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination and initial development of bean seedlings, using sub-doses of the herbicide 2,4-D. The design of experiment I was completely randomized, with eight treatments and four replications, except for germination, with eight replications. The seeds were sowed in 100 mL of water with concentrations of 0.0; 1.12; 2.14; 4.18; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 and 67.00 g a.e. L-1 of 2,4-D. Germination, length, seedling fresh and dry mass and electrical conductivity were evaluated. The design of experiment II was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The beans were sowed in sand and then sprayed at concentrations of 0.0; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 and 67.00 g e.a. L-1 of 2,4-D. Seed emergence, injury, fresh and dry shoot mass were evaluated. According to the regression analysis, there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used, as well as the seedling length. Seeds sown in this solution presented impaired root system and development, tending to mortality. Electrical conductivity increased as herbicide concentrations increased, indicating lower physiological potential of seeds. In experiment II, increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants. It is concluded that the sub-doses of the 2,4-D herbicide negatively affect the germination and initial development of bean seedlings.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D reduced bean seed germination at all concentrations.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- 2,4-Dt0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of 2,4-D sub-dose on the initial development of common bean crop”
e0“there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D reduced bean seedling length.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 2,4-Dt0
- Outcome
- seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of 2,4-D sub-dose on the initial development of common bean crop”
e0“there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used, as well as the seedling length”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds sown in 2,4-D solution showed impaired root system and development, tending toward mortality.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 2,4-Dt0
- Outcome
- impaired root system and developmente0
- Qualifier
- tending to mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of 2,4-D sub-dose on the initial development of common bean crop”
e0“Seeds sown in this solution presented impaired root system and development, tending to mortality.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean seed electrical conductivity increased as herbicide concentration increased.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 2,4-Dt0
- Outcome
- Electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lower physiological potential of seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of 2,4-D sub-dose on the initial development of common bean crop”
e0“Electrical conductivity increased as herbicide concentrations increased, indicating lower physiological potential of seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced bean emergence.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing 2,4-D concentrationse0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean crop”
e0“increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing 2,4-D concentrations increased injury to bean plants.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing 2,4-D concentrationse0
- Outcome
- injury to bean plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean crop”
e0“increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →2,4-D · crop injury · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.