Abstract
The application of microbe-derived products as natural biocontrol agents to boost systemic disease resistance to virus infections in plants is a prospective strategy to make agriculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly. In the current study, the rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TBorg1 was identified based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrA gene sequences, and evaluated for its efficiency in conferring protection of tomato from infection by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls. TMV accumulation was reduced by 90% following the dual treatment, applied 24 h before and after TMV infection. Significant increases in levels of total soluble carbohydrates, proteins, and ascorbic acid were also found. In addition, a significant rise in activities of enzymes capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (PPO and POX), as well as decreased levels of non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) were observed, compared to untreated plants. Enhanced systemic resistance to TMV was indicated by significantly increased transcript accumulation of polyphenolic pathway (C4H, HCT, and CHI) and pathogenesis-related (PR-1 and PR-5) genes. Out of the 15 compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), as well as L-proline, N-valeryl-, and heptadecyl ester were present in the highest concentrations in the ethyl acetate extract of TBorg1-CF. In addition, significant amounts of n-hexadecanoic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-, nonane, 5-butyl-, and eicosane were also detected. These compounds may act as inducers of systemic resistance to viral infection. Our findings indicate that the newly isolated B. amyloliquefaciens strain TBorg1 could be a potentially useful rhizobacterium for promoting plant growth and a possible source of biocontrol agents for combating plant virus infections.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TBorg1 was identified from its 16S rRNA, rpoB and gyrA gene sequences.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Material
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TBorg1e1
- Outcome
- identified based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrA gene sequencese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TBorg1 was identified based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrA gene sequences”
e2“evaluated for its efficiency in conferring protection of tomato from infection by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate promoted tomato growth relative to untreated controls under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Outcome
- tomato growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
- Setting
- Under greenhouse circumstancese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate lowered disease severity of TMV-infected tomato relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Interactor
- TMV
Tobacco mosaic viruse1pathogen - Second interactor
- TBorg1e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected tomato leaves relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Second interactor
- TBorg1e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- TMV accumulation in systemically infected leavese1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
The dual treatment, applied 24 h before and after TMV infection, reduced TMV accumulation by 90%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- dual treatment, applied 24 h before and after TMV infectione3
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse3pathogen
- Outcome
- TMV accumulatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 90%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e3“TMV accumulation was reduced by 90% following the dual treatment, applied 24 h before and after TMV infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate significantly increased levels of total soluble carbohydrates, proteins and ascorbic acid in tomato relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Outcome
- total soluble carbohydrates, proteins, and ascorbic acide4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Comparator
- untreated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e4“Significant increases in levels of total soluble carbohydrates, proteins, and ascorbic acid were also found.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate significantly raised the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes PPO and POX in tomato compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Gene
- PPO and POXe5
- Outcome
- activities of enzymes capable of scavenging reactive oxygen speciese5
- Direction
- risee5
- Comparator
- untreated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e5“a significant rise in activities of enzymes capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (PPO and POX), as well as decreased levels of non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) were observed, compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate decreased H2O2 and MDA levels in tomato compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Outcome
- levels of non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA)e5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- untreated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e5“a significant rise in activities of enzymes capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (PPO and POX), as well as decreased levels of non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) were observed, compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate significantly increased transcript accumulation of polyphenolic pathway genes C4H, HCT and CHI in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Gene
- C4H, HCT, and CHIe6
- Outcome
- transcript accumulatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e6“Enhanced systemic resistance to TMV was indicated by significantly increased transcript accumulation of polyphenolic pathway (C4H, HCT, and CHI) and pathogenesis-related (PR-1 and PR-5) genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate significantly increased transcript accumulation of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1 and PR-5 in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF)e1
- Gene
- PR-1 and PR-5e6
- Outcome
- transcript accumulatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e6“Enhanced systemic resistance to TMV was indicated by significantly increased transcript accumulation of polyphenolic pathway (C4H, HCT, and CHI) and pathogenesis-related (PR-1 and PR-5) genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Among 15 GC-MS compounds, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, phenol 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), and L-proline N-valeryl- heptadecyl ester were present in the highest concentrations in the ethyl acetate extract of TBorg1-CF.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- ethyl acetate extract of TBorg1-CFe2
- Outcome
- present in the highest concentrationse2
- Qualifier
- Out of the 15 compounds identified in the GC-MS analysise2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e2“Out of the 15 compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), as well as L-proline, N-valeryl-, and heptadecyl ester were present in the highest concentrations in the ethyl acetate extract of TBorg1-CF.”
Claim · model-written summary
n-hexadecanoic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-, nonane, 5-butyl- and eicosane were detected in significant amounts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- significant amountse2
- Qualifier
- n-hexadecanoic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-, nonane, 5-butyl-, and eicosanee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under greenhouse circumstances, foliar sprays of TBorg1 culture filtrate (TBorg1-CF) promoted tomato growth, lowered disease severity, and significantly decreased TMV accumulation in systemically infected leaves of treated plants relative to untreated controls.”
e2“In addition, significant amounts of n-hexadecanoic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-, nonane, 5-butyl-, and eicosane were also detected.”
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