Abstract
Fluensulfone is a new nematicide in the flouroalkenyl chemical group. A field experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the efficacy of various application methods of fluensulfone for control of Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Treatments of fluensulfone (3.0 kg a.i./ha) were applied either as preplant incorporation (PPI) or via different drip irrigation methods: drip without pulse irrigation (Drip NP), pulse irrigation 1 hr after treatment (Drip +1P), and treatment at the same time as pulse irrigation (Drip =P). The experiment had eight replications per treatment and also included a PPI treatment of oxamyl (22.5 kg a.i./ha) and a nontreated control. Compared to the control, neither the oxamyl nor the fluensulfone PPI treatments reduced root galling by Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber. Among the drip treatments, Drip NP and Drip +1P reduced root galling compared to the control. Cucumber yield was greater in all fluensulfone treatments than in the control. In a growth-chamber experiment, the systemic activity and phytotoxicity of fluensulfone were also evaluated on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), cucumber, and squash (Curcurbita pepo). At the seedling stage, foliage of each crop was sprayed with fluensulfone at 3, 6, and 12 g a.i./liter, oxamyl at 4.8 g a.i./liter, or water (nontreated control). Each plant was inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita juveniles 2 d after treatment. There were six replications per treatment and the experiment was conducted twice. Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash; application of oxamyl had no effect on the vigor or weight of any of the crops. Typically, only the highest rate of fluensulfone was phytotoxic to eggplant and tomato. Tomato was the only crop tested in which there was a reduction in the number of nematodes or galls when fluensulfone or oxamyl was applied to the foliage compared to the nontreated control. This study demonstrates that control of Meloidogyne spp. may be obtained by drip and foliar applications of fluensulfone; however, the systemic activity of fluensulfone is crop specific and there is a risk of phytotoxicity with foliar applications.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Fluensulfone preplant incorporation did not reduce root galling by Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse2 - Treatment
- fluensulfone PPIe1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee2pest - Outcome
- root gallinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Compared to the control, neither the oxamyl nor the fluensulfone PPI treatments reduced root galling by Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber”
e2“Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxamyl preplant incorporation did not reduce root galling by Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse2
- Treatment
- oxamyle1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- root gallinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to the control, neither the oxamyl nor the fluensulfone PPI treatments reduced root galling by Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber”
e2“Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip NP and Drip +1P reduced root galling in cucumber compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse2
- Treatment
- Drip NP and Drip +1Pe1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- root gallinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Among the drip treatments, Drip NP and Drip +1P reduced root galling compared to the control”
e2“Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber yield was greater in all fluensulfone treatments than in the control.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- fluensulfonee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cucumber yield was greater in all fluensulfone treatments than in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant.
- Taxon
- eggplant
Solanum melongenae1 - Treatment
- Foliar applications of fluensulfonee1
- Outcome
- plant vigor and dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Foliar applications of fluensulfonee1
- Outcome
- plant vigor and dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fluensulfone did not reduce plant vigor or dry weight of cucumber (squash likewise).
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of fluensulfonee1
- Outcome
- plant vigor and dry weighte1
- Direction
- but note1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar oxamyl had no effect on the vigor or weight of the tested crops, including tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- application of oxamyle1
- Outcome
- vigor or weighte1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“application of oxamyl had no effect on the vigor or weight of any of the crops”
e2“Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the highest foliar rate of fluensulfone was phytotoxic to eggplant and tomato.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- highest rate of fluensulfonee1
- Outcome
- phytotoxice1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Typically, only the highest rate of fluensulfone was phytotoxic to eggplant and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato was the only crop with fewer nematodes or galls after fluensulfone or oxamyl foliar application than the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- fluensulfone or oxamyle1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae2pest
- Outcome
- number of nematodes or gallse1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tomato was the only crop tested in which there was a reduction in the number of nematodes or galls when fluensulfone or oxamyl was applied to the foliage compared to the nontreated control”
e2“Each plant was inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita juveniles 2 d after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Control of Meloidogyne spp. may be obtained by drip and foliar applications of fluensulfone in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse2
- Treatment
- drip and foliar applications of fluensulfonee1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- control of Meloidogyne spp.e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study demonstrates that control of Meloidogyne spp. may be obtained by drip and foliar applications of fluensulfone”
e2“Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic activity of fluensulfone is crop specific.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Outcome
- systemic activity of fluensulfonee1
- Qualifier
- crop specifice1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“however, the systemic activity of fluensulfone is crop specific and there is a risk of phytotoxicity with foliar applications”
e2“Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications of fluensulfone carry a risk of phytotoxicity in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Qualifier
- risk of phytotoxicity with foliar applicationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“however, the systemic activity of fluensulfone is crop specific and there is a risk of phytotoxicity with foliar applications”
e2“Foliar applications of fluensulfone reduced plant vigor and dry weight of eggplant and tomato, but not cucumber or squash”
The same questions in other papers
oxamyl · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 11 papers →oxamyl · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
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See all 20 papers →fluensulfone · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fluensulfone · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fluensulfone · growth · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fluensulfone · crop injury · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fluensulfone · Meloidogyne · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fluensulfone · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.