Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if electric arc furnace (EAF) slag generated during steel production could have an application as a soil enhancer in agriculture. For that purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in soil enriched with EAF slag (at 1% and 2% level), synthetic fertilizer (NPK), combined EAF slag and synthetic fertilizer, or in control (untreated) soil. The beans were exposed to test soils until maturity (for 8 weeks). Following that period, physico-chemical properties of the soils, as well as nutrient status, growth, photosynthetic and oxidative stress parameters of bean plants were determined. EAF slag improved the mineral status of the soil and significantly increased Fe, Mg, N, P and K in different bean plant organs. EAF slag and/or NPK increased plant height. EAF slag, especially at lower levels, positively affected dry weight of leaf and seed. Soil supplementation with a lower level of EAF slag, as well as with a combination of EAF slag and NPK, led to significant improvement in gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) and nitrate reductase activity, indicating a positive influence on bean plants. Potential phytotoxicity of EAF slag was not detected, as evidenced by the oxidative stress parameters. Thus, EAF slag applied at a low level shows promising potential as an efficient soil enhancer, and as a valuable source of nutrients essential to plants, with an equal or even better performance compared to synthetic fertilizer.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
EAF slag improved soil mineral status in the bean experiment.
- Taxon
- Common Bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- EAF slage0
- Outcome
- mineral status of the soile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e0“EAF slag improved the mineral status of the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
EAF slag significantly increased Fe, Mg and N in bean organs.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Organ / stage
- different bean plant organse0
- Treatment
- EAF slage0
- Outcome
- Fe, Mg, Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“EAF slag improved the mineral status of the soil and significantly increased Fe, Mg, N, P and K in different bean plant organs”
Claim · model-written summary
EAF slag significantly increased P and K in bean organs.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Organ / stage
- different bean plant organse0
- Treatment
- EAF slage0
- Outcome
- P and Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“EAF slag improved the mineral status of the soil and significantly increased Fe, Mg, N, P and K in different bean plant organs”
Claim · model-written summary
EAF slag, NPK, or both increased common bean plant height.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- EAF slag and/or NPKe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“EAF slag and/or NPK increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
EAF slag, especially at lower levels, increased bean leaf dry weight.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- EAF slage0
- Outcome
- dry weight of leafe0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
- Qualifier
- especially at lower levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“EAF slag, especially at lower levels, positively affected dry weight of leaf and seed”
Claim · model-written summary
EAF slag, especially at lower levels, increased bean seed dry weight.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- EAF slage0
- Outcome
- seede0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
- Qualifier
- especially at lower levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“EAF slag, especially at lower levels, positively affected dry weight of leaf and seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Low EAF slag improved bean net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- a lower level of EAF slage0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“Soil supplementation with a lower level of EAF slag, as well as with a combination of EAF slag and NPK, led to significant improvement in gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) and nitrate reductase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined EAF slag and NPK improved bean net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- a combination of EAF slag and NPKe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“Soil supplementation with a lower level of EAF slag, as well as with a combination of EAF slag and NPK, led to significant improvement in gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) and nitrate reductase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Low EAF slag improved bean nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- a lower level of EAF slage0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“Soil supplementation with a lower level of EAF slag, as well as with a combination of EAF slag and NPK, led to significant improvement in gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) and nitrate reductase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined EAF slag and NPK improved bean nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- a combination of EAF slag and NPKe0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“Soil supplementation with a lower level of EAF slag, as well as with a combination of EAF slag and NPK, led to significant improvement in gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) and nitrate reductase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative stress parameters did not detect EAF slag phytotoxicity in bean.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- EAF slage0
- Outcome
- Potential phytotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- oxidative stress parameterse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“Potential phytotoxicity of EAF slag was not detected, as evidenced by the oxidative stress parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify low EAF slag as a promising soil enhancer and plant nutrient source, with performance at least equal to synthetic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- EAF slag applied at a low levele0
- Outcome
- efficient soil enhancere0
- Direction
- equal or even bettere0
- Comparator
- synthetic fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Bean”
e0“EAF slag applied at a low level shows promising potential as an efficient soil enhancer, and as a valuable source of nutrients essential to plants, with an equal or even better performance compared to synthetic fertilizer”
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