Abstract
Seven fungicides (i.e. tetraconazole, difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin +metiram, metiram, mancozeb and flutolanil ) and three biological agents (i.e. Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma album and Bacillus subtilis)were evaluated in laboratory against two pathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani causing wilt disease and damping off of tomato seedlings, respectively. Depend upon EC50 values of the tested fungicides, the in vitro studies showed that the descending order of fungicidal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici growth was as follows; difenoconazole > tetraconazole > pyraclostrobin + metiram > trifloxystrobin > metiram > mancozeb > flutolanil, while it was flutolanil > difenoconazole > tetraconazole > mancozeb > pyraclostrobin + metiram >trifloxystrobin > metiram against Rhizoctonia solani growth. In greenhouse trials, the fungicides were applied at 1500 and 3000 µg a.i./ml water as seed treatment, while biological agents were applied at 1.5 and 3.0 x 106 spore/ml water as soil treatment. The results showed that all fungicides and bioagents treatments significantly reduced diseases incidence and increased emergence and plant stands. Fungicides tested were better to control wilt and damping off than bioagents. Generally the most effective treatments for controlling wilt disease weredifenoconazole, tetraconazole, pyraclostrobin + metiram, followed by trifloxystrobin, metiram, mancozeb, T. harzianum, while the lowest were B. subtilis, T. album and flutolanil as compared with the control treatment, while the most effective fungicide for controlling damping off was flutolanil followed by difenoconazole, tetraconazole, pyraclostrobin + metiram, mancozeb and the lowest was metiram as compared with the control treatment. Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective bioagent tested for controlling damping off, followed by B. subtilis while T. album was the least effective one. Castel rouck cultivar was more resistant to the two diseases under artificial inoculation and greenhouse conditions, whereas Money Maker seemed to be highly susceptible.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole was the most active tested fungicide against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in vitro.
- Taxon
- TOMATO
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie0pathogen - Outcome
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici growthe0
- Direction
- descendinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the descending order of fungicidal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici growth was as follows; difenoconazole > tetraconazole > pyraclostrobin + metiram > trifloxystrobin > metiram > mancozeb > flutolanil”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Flutolanil ranked first against Rhizoctonia solani growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- flutolanile0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- Rhizoctonia solani growthe0
- Direction
- >e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flutolanil > difenoconazole > tetraconazole > mancozeb > pyraclostrobin + metiram >trifloxystrobin > metiram against Rhizoctonia solani growth”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
All fungicide and bioagent treatments reduced disease incidence significantly.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all fungicides and bioagents treatmentse0
- Outcome
- diseases incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all fungicides and bioagents treatments significantly reduced diseases incidence and increased emergence and plant stands”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
All fungicide and bioagent treatments increased emergence and plant stands significantly.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all fungicides and bioagents treatmentse0
- Outcome
- emergence and plant standse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all fungicides and bioagents treatments significantly reduced diseases incidence and increased emergence and plant stands”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides controlled wilt and damping off better than bioagents.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Fungicidese0
- Outcome
- control wilt and damping offe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- bioagentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicides tested were better to control wilt and damping off than bioagents”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole, tetraconazole, and pyraclostrobin plus metiram were the most effective wilt treatments.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- controlling wilt diseasee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most effective treatments for controlling wilt disease weredifenoconazole, tetraconazole, pyraclostrobin + metiram”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Flutolanil was the most effective fungicide for damping-off control.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- flutolanile0
- Outcome
- controlling damping offe0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most effective fungicide for controlling damping off was flutolanil”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective tested bioagent for damping-off control.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- controlling damping offe0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective bioagent tested for controlling damping off”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Castel rouck was more resistant to both diseases under artificial inoculation in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Castel roucke0
- Outcome
- resistant to the two diseasese0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Castel rouck cultivar was more resistant to the two diseases under artificial inoculation and greenhouse conditions”
t0“TOMATO”
Claim · model-written summary
Money Maker was highly susceptible to both diseases.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Money Makere0
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Money Maker seemed to be highly susceptible”
t0“TOMATO”
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