Abstract
The ecosystem is considerably affected due to the extensive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. As an alternative strategy, this study aimed to assess the biocontrol potential of the bioagents arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting Trichoderma harzianum MZ025966 against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica). T. harzianum showed a great potentiality to produce indole acetic acid (IAA) (12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification. Furthermore, T. harzianum revealed protease and lipase enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL and 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL, respectively, which may illustrate the control mechanism of nematode eggs and juveniles. As in mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculated tomato plants, the penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juveniles, females, egg mass, and galls were significantly reduced. The lowest number of juveniles was observed in the case of either single mycorrhizal inoculation (45%) or in combination with T. harzianum (55%). The enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase was enhanced in tomato plants inoculated with the bioagents to overcome the negative impact of nematode parasitism. Our results proved that the application of biocontrol agents not only reduced the nematode population and penetration rate but also improved the plant growth, increased the nutritional elemental content and stimulated the plant’s systematic resistance.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculation significantly reduced nematode penetration rates and the number of juveniles in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculatede1
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juvenilese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“As in mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculated tomato plants, the penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juveniles, females, egg mass, and galls were significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculation significantly reduced egg mass and galls in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculatede1
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg mass, and gallse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“As in mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculated tomato plants, the penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juveniles, females, egg mass, and galls were significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Single mycorrhizal inoculation gave the lowest number of nematode juveniles, at 45%, in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- single mycorrhizal inoculatione1
- Outcome
- number of juvenilese1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 45%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“The lowest number of juveniles was observed in the case of either single mycorrhizal inoculation (45%) or in combination with T. harzianum (55%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation with T. harzianum gave the lowest number of nematode juveniles, at 55%, in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- in combination with T. harzianume1
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of juvenilese1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 55%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“The lowest number of juveniles was observed in the case of either single mycorrhizal inoculation (45%) or in combination with T. harzianum (55%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with the bioagents enhanced glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymatic activity in tomato, countering nematode parasitism.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- inoculated with the bioagentse1
- Outcome
- enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase was enhanced in tomato plants inoculated with the bioagents to overcome the negative impact of nematode parasitism”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum showed protease enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- proteasee1
- Value
- 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“T. harzianum revealed protease and lipase enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL and 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum showed lipase enzymatic activity of 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- lipasee1
- Value
- 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“T. harzianum revealed protease and lipase enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL and 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum produced indole acetic acid at 12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA)e1
- Value
- 12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“T. harzianum showed a great potentiality to produce indole acetic acid (IAA) (12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- activity of ammonificatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“T. harzianum showed a great potentiality to produce indole acetic acid (IAA) (12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of biocontrol agents reduced the nematode population in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of biocontrol agentse1
- Second interactor
- biocontrol agentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- nematode populatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“the application of biocontrol agents not only reduced the nematode population and penetration rate but also improved the plant growth, increased the nutritional elemental content and stimulated the plant’s systematic resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of biocontrol agents improved plant growth of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of biocontrol agentse1
- Interactor
- biocontrol agentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“the application of biocontrol agents not only reduced the nematode population and penetration rate but also improved the plant growth, increased the nutritional elemental content and stimulated the plant’s systematic resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of biocontrol agents increased the nutritional elemental content of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of biocontrol agentse1
- Interactor
- biocontrol agentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- nutritional elemental contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“the application of biocontrol agents not only reduced the nematode population and penetration rate but also improved the plant growth, increased the nutritional elemental content and stimulated the plant’s systematic resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of biocontrol agents stimulated systemic resistance of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of biocontrol agentse1
- Interactor
- biocontrol agentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- systematic resistancee1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)”
e1“the application of biocontrol agents not only reduced the nematode population and penetration rate but also improved the plant growth, increased the nutritional elemental content and stimulated the plant’s systematic resistance”
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