Abstract
Biological control against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita was proven to occur in tomato, Solanum lycopersicom, soil-drenched with different isolates ofTrichoderma harzianum and a commercial suspension of Serratia marcescens(Nemaless). The potential of such biocontrol agents to trigger plant defense response was discussed. Nematode reproduction in the presence of such possibly induced systemic resistance (ISR) elicitors was compared with that occurring on untreated plants and treated plants with the carbofuran nematicide. Dosages used were for carbofuran (1 mg ai/kg soil) and for S. marcescens (1 × 109 bacterium cells/ml water) 2 ml suspension/kg soil; three different T. harzianum isolates (f1, f3 and f8) were separately added at 50 × 108 CFU/kg soil. The possible ISR elicitors were tested on two tomato cultivars (Super Strain B and Alisa), which were inoculated with active juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, and plants were kept in a glasshouse. Indices of plant fitness (PFs) resulting from each treatment, which took into account various growth parameters were also determined. Carbofuran followed by S. marcescens and T. harzianum significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) nematode development and reproduction when compared with the untreated controls. PF of cv. Alisa was higher than that of Super Strain B, and M. incognita reproduced better on the latter cultivar in all treatments. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and β-1,3-glucanase (GLUC) activities were detected in the roots of inoculated and uninoculated control tomato plants. Similar tests were carried out on inoculated plants treated with such ISR elicitors to search for possible enzyme activity changes as a result of resistance induction. Nematode infection did not cause any significant changes in GLUC activity, whilst PPO activity was enhanced in inoculated with respect to uninoculated roots. Treatments with ISR elicitors and carbofuran did not significantly change GLUC activity in both inoculated plants and uninoculated controls. While in the presence of the ISR elicitors, generally, PPO activity did not increase as a result of nematode infestation. Key words: Enzymatic induction, root-knot nematode, nematode management,Serratia marcescens, Trichoderma harzianum, biological control, carbofuran, nematicide, polyphenol oxidase, β-1,3-glucanase, Solanum lycopersicum
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran significantly decreased nematode development and reproduction versus untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Carbofurane0
- Outcome
- nematode development and reproductione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbofuran followed by S. marcescens and T. harzianum significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) nematode development and reproduction when compared with the untreated controls.”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
S. marcescens significantly decreased nematode development and reproduction versus untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- S. marcescense0
- Second interactor
- S. marcescens
Serratia marcescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- nematode development and reproductione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbofuran followed by S. marcescens and T. harzianum significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) nematode development and reproduction when compared with the untreated controls.”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum significantly decreased nematode development and reproduction versus untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- nematode development and reproductione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbofuran followed by S. marcescens and T. harzianum significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) nematode development and reproduction when compared with the untreated controls.”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisa had higher plant fitness than Super Strain B.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- cv. Alisae0
- Outcome
- PFe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Super Strain Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PF of cv. Alisa was higher than that of Super Strain B”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
M. incognita reproduced better on Super Strain B than Alisa under all treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Super Strain Be0
- Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pest - Outcome
- M. incognita reproducede0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- in all treatmentse0
- Comparator
- cv. Alisae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“PF of cv. Alisa was higher than that of Super Strain B, and M. incognita reproduced better on the latter cultivar in all treatments.”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
PPO and GLUC activities were detected in control tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and β-1,3-glucanase (GLUC) activities were detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and β-1,3-glucanase (GLUC) activities were detected in the roots of inoculated and uninoculated control tomato plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection did not significantly change GLUC activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nematode infectione0
- Outcome
- GLUC activitye0
- Direction
- did not cause any significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematode infection did not cause any significant changes in GLUC activity”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode inoculation enhanced PPO activity in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- PPO activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- uninoculated rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PPO activity was enhanced in inoculated with respect to uninoculated roots”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
ISR elicitors did not significantly change GLUC activity in inoculated or uninoculated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ISR elicitorse0
- Outcome
- GLUC activitye0
- Direction
- did not significantly changee0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with ISR elicitors and carbofuran did not significantly change GLUC activity in both inoculated plants and uninoculated controls.”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran did not significantly change GLUC activity in inoculated or uninoculated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- carbofurane0
- Outcome
- GLUC activitye0
- Direction
- did not significantly changee0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with ISR elicitors and carbofuran did not significantly change GLUC activity in both inoculated plants and uninoculated controls.”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
With ISR elicitors, nematode infestation generally did not increase PPO activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ISR elicitorse0
- Outcome
- PPO activitye0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the presence of the ISR elicitors, generally, PPO activity did not increase as a result of nematode infestation.”
t0“tomato roots”
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