Abstract
Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots collected from different locations in. New Valley governorate. The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates). The isolated fungi proved their pathogenicity on cv. Giza 3. Response of chickpea cvs. Giza 1, 2, 3, 4, 88, 195 and 531 to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied. Giza 1 was the most resistant one followed by Giza 531, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible. Seven biocontrol agents, namely Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were tested for their antagonistic action against the tested pathogens. B. subtilis isolate BSMl, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro, while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists. The most antagonistic isolates as well as the commercial biocide Rhizo-N were applied as seed treatment for controlling damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases caused by the tested fungi under greenhouse conditions. The obtained data showed that all tested antagonistic isolates were able to cause significant reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases in chickpea plants. T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) proved to be the most effective isolates for controlling the diseases. Under field conditions, these antagonistic isolates were used as seed treatment of resistant cultivar Giza 1 and sown in three sowing dates to be work of an integrated control program to reduce spread of damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases under field conditions. The obtained data indicated that all the tested antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and/or stem rot. T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) recorded the highest reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot in all sowing dates. Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases in chickpea. The reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severity was significantly reflected on the produced seed yield. In this respect, seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates followed by seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5). First of November was the best sowing date to reduce these diseases and to increase seed yield/fed. On the other hand, the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were most active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases and increase of seed yield in greenhouse and field conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia solani was identified from naturally infected chickpea roots (5 isolates).
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- identified ase1
- Value
- 5 isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e1“The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium solani was identified from naturally infected chickpea roots (4 isolates).
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- identified ase1
- Value
- 4 isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e1“The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was identified from naturally infected chickpea roots (2 isolates).
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen - Outcome
- identified ase1
- Value
- 2 isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e1“The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolated fungi were pathogenic on chickpea cv. Giza 3.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- cv. Giza 3e2
- Interactor
- isolated fungie2pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e2“The isolated fungi proved their pathogenicity on cv. Giza 3”
Claim · model-written summary
Response of chickpea cultivars to infection by the tested fungi varied significantly.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- cvs. Giza 1, 2, 3, 4, 88, 195 and 531e3
- Interactor
- tested fungie3pathogen
- Outcome
- Responsee3
- Direction
- significantly variede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e3“Response of chickpea cvs. Giza 1, 2, 3, 4, 88, 195 and 531 to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea cultivar Giza 1 was the most resistant to the tested fungi, followed by Giza 531.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Giza 1e4
- Outcome
- the most resistant onee4
- Qualifier
- followed by Giza 531e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e4“Giza 1 was the most resistant one followed by Giza 531, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
The other tested chickpea cultivars were highly susceptible.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- the other tested cvs.e4
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e4“Giza 1 was the most resistant one followed by Giza 531, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
Four isolates (B. subtilis BSMl, B. megaterium TVM5, T. viride TVM2 and T. harzianum THM4) were the most antagonistic to the tested fungi in vitro.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- tested fungie5pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis isolate BSMl
Bacillus subtilise5biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- the most antagonistic onese5
- Qualifier
- B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4e5
- Setting
- in vitroe5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e5“B. subtilis isolate BSMl, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with the antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and stem rot in chickpea under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente7
- Interactor
- tested fungie7pathogen
- Outcome
- damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseasese6
- Direction
- significant reductione6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e6“all tested antagonistic isolates were able to cause significant reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases in chickpea plants”
e7“The most antagonistic isolates as well as the commercial biocide Rhizo-N were applied as seed treatment for controlling damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases caused by the tested fungi under greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma viride (TVM2) and Bacillus megaterium (BMM5) were the most effective isolates for controlling chickpea diseases.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5)e7
- Outcome
- the most effective isolates for controlling the diseasese7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e7“T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) proved to be the most effective isolates for controlling the diseases”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with the antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and stem rot in the field on resistant cultivar Giza 1.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- resistant cultivar Giza 1e0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente0
- Outcome
- damping-off, root and/or stem rote1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
- Setting
- Under field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Under field conditions, these antagonistic isolates were used as seed treatment of resistant cultivar Giza 1 and sown in three sowing dates”
e1“The obtained data indicated that all the tested antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and/or stem rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma viride (TVM2) and Bacillus megaterium (BMM5) recorded the highest reduction of damping-off, root and stem rot in all sowing dates in the field.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5)e0
- Outcome
- damping-off, root and/or stem rote0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
- Qualifier
- in all sowing datese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) recorded the highest reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot in all sowing dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing treated chickpea seeds with bioagents on the first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- protection against root diseasese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of Novembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with Trichoderma viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates, followed by Bacillus megaterium (TVM5).
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- T. viride (TVM2)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- in all sowing datese0
- Comparator
- B. megaterium (TVM5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates followed by seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5)”
Claim · model-written summary
First of November was the best sowing date to reduce these diseases and increase seed yield per feddan.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- seed yield/fede0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- First of November was the best sowing datee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“First of November was the best sowing date to reduce these diseases and to increase seed yield/fed”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonistic isolates from the chickpea rhizosphere were more active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases in greenhouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizospheree0
- Outcome
- reducing chickpea root diseasese0
- Direction
- most activee0
- Comparator
- commercial biocide Rhizo-Ne0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were most active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases and increase of seed yield in greenhouse and field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduction of damping-off, root and stem rot severity was significantly reflected in the produced seed yield.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- produced seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- The reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severity was significantly reflectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“The reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severity was significantly reflected on the produced seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- the other isolatese0
- Outcome
- moderate or weak antagonistse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists”
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