Abstract
Evaluation of Different Measures to Control Wilt Causing Pathogens in Chickpea Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from the wilted chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) plants. To manage the wilt complex cultural practices, use of biocontrol agents and fungicides were tried under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Sowing of chickpea at different dates revealed that early sowing (10th Oct.) resulted in maximum disease incidence (32.20%), whereas, late sowing (24th Nov.) the minimum (13.35%). Twenty and 50 cm row to row spacing resulted in maximum (29.17%) and minimum (17.35%) disease incidence respectively. In vitro evaluation of biological control agents revealed the superiority of Trichoderma viride. Trichoderma over Trichoderma virens in controlling the pathogens. Carbendazim at 100, 200, 500 ppm caused maximum per cent inhibition of the pathogens under in vitro conditions. Fungicides applied as seed treatment reduced disease incidence significantly. Seed treatment with carbendazim increased seed germination (71.24%), though it was at par with carbendazim + mancozeb (62.21%) and mancozeb (61.46%). Seed coating with T. viride resulted in minimum disease incidence (9.24%), however, it was at par with T. virens (9.72%). Maximum yield (10.10 q/ha) was recorded with the application of carbendazim, followed by carbendazim + mancozeb (9.77 q/ha) and T. viride (8.10 q/ha).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Three fungi were isolated from wilted chickpea plants.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Second interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- were isolated from the wilted chickpeae0
- Qualifier
- Rhizoctonia solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from the wilted chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing on 10 October produced maximum wilt incidence of 32.20%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- early sowing (10th Oct.)e0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 32.20%e0
- Comparator
- late sowing (24th Nov.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“early sowing (10th Oct.) resulted in maximum disease incidence (32.20%), whereas, late sowing (24th Nov.) the minimum (13.35%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing on 24 November produced minimum wilt incidence of 13.35%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- late sowing (24th Nov.)e0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 13.35%e0
- Comparator
- early sowing (10th Oct.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“early sowing (10th Oct.) resulted in maximum disease incidence (32.20%), whereas, late sowing (24th Nov.) the minimum (13.35%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty centimetre row spacing gave maximum disease incidence of 29.17%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Twentye0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 29.17%e0
- Comparator
- 50 cm row to row spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Twenty and 50 cm row to row spacing resulted in maximum (29.17%) and minimum (17.35%) disease incidence respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty centimetre row spacing gave minimum disease incidence of 17.35%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 50 cm row to row spacinge0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 17.35%e0
- Comparator
- Twentye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Twenty and 50 cm row to row spacing resulted in maximum (29.17%) and minimum (17.35%) disease incidence respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma viride was superior to Trichoderma virens in vitro for pathogen control.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma viridee0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- controlling the pathogense0
- Comparator
- Trichoderma virense0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Trichoderma viride. Trichoderma over Trichoderma virens in controlling the pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim at 100, 200 and 500 ppm gave maximum in vitro pathogen inhibition.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Carbendazim at 100, 200, 500 ppme0
- Outcome
- per cent inhibition of the pathogense0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Setting
- in vitro conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Carbendazim at 100, 200, 500 ppm caused maximum per cent inhibition of the pathogens under in vitro conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatments significantly reduced chickpea disease incidence.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Fungicides applied as seed treatmente0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Fungicides applied as seed treatment reduced disease incidence significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim seed treatment increased germination to 71.24%, statistically at par with two other fungicide treatments.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 71.24%e0
- Qualifier
- at par with carbendazim + mancozeb (62.21%) and mancozeb (61.46%)e0
- Comparator
- carbendazim + mancozebe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Seed treatment with carbendazim increased seed germination (71.24%), though it was at par with carbendazim + mancozeb (62.21%) and mancozeb (61.46%).”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride seed coating gave minimum disease incidence of 9.24%, statistically at par with T. virens.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Seed coating with T. viridee0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 9.24%e0
- Comparator
- T. virense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Seed coating with T. viride resulted in minimum disease incidence (9.24%), however, it was at par with T. virens (9.72%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim produced the maximum yield of 10.10 q/ha.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 10.10 q/hae0
- Comparator
- carbendazim + mancozebe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Maximum yield (10.10 q/ha) was recorded with the application of carbendazim, followed by carbendazim + mancozeb (9.77 q/ha) and T. viride (8.10 q/ha).”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim plus mancozeb yielded 9.77 q/ha.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- carbendazim + mancozebe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 9.77 q/hae0
- Comparator
- carbendazime0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Maximum yield (10.10 q/ha) was recorded with the application of carbendazim, followed by carbendazim + mancozeb (9.77 q/ha) and T. viride (8.10 q/ha).”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride treatment yielded 8.10 q/ha.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- T. viridee0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 8.10 q/hae0
- Comparator
- carbendazime0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea”
e0“Maximum yield (10.10 q/ha) was recorded with the application of carbendazim, followed by carbendazim + mancozeb (9.77 q/ha) and T. viride (8.10 q/ha).”
The same questions in other papers
mancozeb · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 14 papers →sowing time · disease · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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See all 6 papers →fungicide · disease · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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See all 14 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.