Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, a prevalent fungal pathogen in cultivated prairie soils, can be an important factor affecting seedling establishment of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Studies were undertaken to determine the impact of different soil conditions on seedling establishment, development of root rot, and productivity of desi (Tyson) and kabuli (Sanford) chickpea plants sown in the presence of R. solani AG-4. The impact of soil and air temperatures and seeding depth was studied under controlled conditions, and the influence of seeding date was investigated at three field sites. The host responded to warm soils by increasing its growth rate, and the pathogen by increasing its virulence. The kabuli cultivar, Sanford, showed greater susceptibility to root rot caused by R. solani than the desi cultivar, Tyson. Root rot and shoot infection levels increased with soil temperature for both cultivars, but reached maximum values at substantially lower temperatures for Sanford. Shoot biomass of infected treatments for this cultivar was substantially lower than the controls, while the biomass of Tyson was affected to a lesser degree. Air temperatures of 17/3°C day/night allowed relatively unhindered plant growth, even of the more susceptible cultivar, Sanford, in the presence of R. solani, while warmer and cooler temperatures resulted in high mortality and diminished plant growth in surviving plants. Seedling emergence and seedling dry weight were greater at a seeding depth of 2 cm than at 5 cm for seedlings grown in infested soil. In inoculated field plots, seedling emergence was greatest in treatments seeded in late May to early June compared those seeded in early or mid-May; in noninoculated treatments, both emergence and yield were lower in treatments seeded in late May than at the earlier seeding dates. Seeding date did not affect the occurrence of root rot. Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, Cicer arietinum, seed treatment, seeding date, soil temperature, air temperature, seeding depth
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea growth rate increased in warm soils.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- warm soilse0
- Outcome
- growth ratee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e0“The host responded to warm soils by increasing its growth rate, and the pathogen by increasing its virulence”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulence of Rhizoctonia solani increased in warm soils.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- warm soilse0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e0“The host responded to warm soils by increasing its growth rate, and the pathogen by increasing its virulence”
e1“desi (Tyson) and kabuli (Sanford) chickpea plants sown in the presence of R. solani AG-4”
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot and shoot infection levels increased with soil temperature in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- soil temperaturee2
- Outcome
- Root rot and shoot infection levelse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e2“Root rot and shoot infection levels increased with soil temperature for both cultivars, but reached maximum values at substantially lower temperatures for Sanford”
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot and shoot infection levels of Sanford reached maximum values at substantially lower soil temperatures.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Sanforde2
- Treatment
- soil temperaturee2
- Outcome
- reached maximum valuese2
- Direction
- substantially lowere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e2“Root rot and shoot infection levels increased with soil temperature for both cultivars, but reached maximum values at substantially lower temperatures for Sanford”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot biomass of infected Sanford plants was substantially lower than in controls.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Sanforde1
- Treatment
- infected treatmentse3
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Shoot biomasse3
- Direction
- substantially lowere3
- Comparator
- the controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e1“desi (Tyson) and kabuli (Sanford) chickpea plants sown in the presence of R. solani AG-4”
e3“Shoot biomass of infected treatments for this cultivar was substantially lower than the controls, while the biomass of Tyson was affected to a lesser degree”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot biomass of Tyson was affected to a lesser degree by infection.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Tysone3
- Outcome
- the biomasse3
- Direction
- affected to a lesser degreee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e3“Shoot biomass of infected treatments for this cultivar was substantially lower than the controls, while the biomass of Tyson was affected to a lesser degree”
Claim · model-written summary
Air temperatures of 17/3°C day/night allowed relatively unhindered growth of Sanford in the presence of R. solani.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Sanforde4
- Treatment
- Air temperatures of 17/3°C day/nighte4
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie4pathogen
- Outcome
- plant growthe4
- Direction
- relatively unhinderede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e4“Air temperatures of 17/3°C day/night allowed relatively unhindered plant growth, even of the more susceptible cultivar, Sanford, in the presence of R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmer and cooler air temperatures resulted in high mortality of chickpea seedlings.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- warmer and cooler temperaturese5
- Outcome
- mortalitye5
- Direction
- highe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e5“warmer and cooler temperatures resulted in high mortality and diminished plant growth in surviving plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmer and cooler air temperatures diminished plant growth of surviving chickpea seedlings.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- warmer and cooler temperaturese5
- Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Direction
- diminishede5
- Qualifier
- in surviving plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e5“warmer and cooler temperatures resulted in high mortality and diminished plant growth in surviving plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling emergence was greater at a seeding depth of 2 cm than at 5 cm in infested soil.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seeding depth of 2 cme6
- Outcome
- Seedling emergencee6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Qualifier
- for seedlings grown in infested soile6
- Comparator
- 5 cme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e6“Seedling emergence and seedling dry weight were greater at a seeding depth of 2 cm than at 5 cm for seedlings grown in infested soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling dry weight was greater at a seeding depth of 2 cm than at 5 cm in infested soil.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seeding depth of 2 cme6
- Outcome
- seedling dry weighte6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Qualifier
- for seedlings grown in infested soile6
- Comparator
- 5 cme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e6“Seedling emergence and seedling dry weight were greater at a seeding depth of 2 cm than at 5 cm for seedlings grown in infested soil”
Claim · model-written summary
In inoculated field plots, seedling emergence was greatest when sown in late May to early June.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seeded in late May to early Junee7
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee7
- Direction
- greateste7
- Comparator
- seeded in early or mid-Maye7
- Setting
- inoculated field plotse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e7“In inoculated field plots, seedling emergence was greatest in treatments seeded in late May to early June compared those seeded in early or mid-May”
Claim · model-written summary
In noninoculated treatments, emergence and yield were lower when seeded in late May than at earlier dates.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seeded in late Maye7
- Outcome
- emergence and yielde7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Qualifier
- in noninoculated treatmentse7
- Comparator
- the earlier seeding datese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e7“in noninoculated treatments, both emergence and yield were lower in treatments seeded in late May than at the earlier seeding dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeding date did not affect the occurrence of root rot.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Seeding datee6
- Outcome
- occurrence of root rote6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e6“Seeding date did not affect the occurrence of root rot”
Claim · model-written summary
The kabuli cultivar Sanford was more susceptible to root rot caused by R. solani than the desi cultivar Tyson.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Sanforde7
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie7pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibility to root rote7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Comparator
- desi cultivar, Tysone7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot of chickpea”
e7“The kabuli cultivar, Sanford, showed greater susceptibility to root rot caused by R. solani than the desi cultivar, Tyson”
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