Abstract
Rotation with legumes and compost application are two possible approaches for improving soil fertility in sustainable wheat production. However, the efficiencies of different compost types may vary. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of traditional compost, vermicompost, and compost with effective microorganisms (EM) in combination with crop rotation on wheat yield and grain nutrient concentration. The compost treatments were applied at three nitrogen levels and compared to mineral fertilizer alone or combined with mineral fertilizer in a randomized complete block design. All three composts, alone and combined with mineral fertilizer, resulted in a higher grain yield than the equivalent mineral fertilizer level. However, the combined treatments with EM compost (5025 kg ha−1 or 2034 kg acre−1) and vermicompost (4975 kg ha−1 or 2013 kg acre−1) in 2019 resulted in the highest yields. Wheat rotation with faba bean also had a higher grain yield and nutrient concentration than wheat production without rotation. A higher grain yield was found in the combined EM (5377 kg ha−1 or 2176 kg acre−1) and vermicompost (5324 kg ha−1 or 2155 kg acre−1). The wheat seed nutrient concentration revealed that EM and vermicompost application combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotation resulted in the highest grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fe.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Each of the three composts, alone or with mineral fertilizer, increased wheat grain yield versus equivalent mineral fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- All three composts, alone and combined with mineral fertilizere0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- equivalent mineral fertilizer levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“All three composts, alone and combined with mineral fertilizer, resulted in a higher grain yield than the equivalent mineral fertilizer level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined EM compost yielded 5025 kg ha−1 in 2019, among the highest yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- EM composte0
- Outcome
- highest yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5025 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- in 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“combined treatments with EM compost (5025 kg ha−1 or 2034 kg acre−1) and vermicompost (4975 kg ha−1 or 2013 kg acre−1) in 2019 resulted in the highest yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermicompost yielded 4975 kg ha−1 in 2019, among the highest yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- highest yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4975 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- in 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“combined treatments with EM compost (5025 kg ha−1 or 2034 kg acre−1) and vermicompost (4975 kg ha−1 or 2013 kg acre−1) in 2019 resulted in the highest yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation with faba bean increased wheat grain yield relative to no rotation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotation with faba beane0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wheat production without rotatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat rotation with faba bean also had a higher grain yield and nutrient concentration than wheat production without rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation with faba bean increased wheat grain nutrient concentration relative to no rotation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotation with faba beane0
- Outcome
- nutrient concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wheat production without rotatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat rotation with faba bean also had a higher grain yield and nutrient concentration than wheat production without rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined EM treatment produced wheat grain yield of 5377 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined EMe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5377 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“A higher grain yield was found in the combined EM (5377 kg ha−1 or 2176 kg acre−1) and vermicompost (5324 kg ha−1 or 2155 kg acre−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermicompost produced wheat grain yield of 5324 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5324 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“A higher grain yield was found in the combined EM (5377 kg ha−1 or 2176 kg acre−1) and vermicompost (5324 kg ha−1 or 2155 kg acre−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
EM compost with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean rotation gave the highest wheat grain N, P, and S concentrations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- EMe0
- Outcome
- grain concentrations of N, P, Se0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“EM and vermicompost application combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotation resulted in the highest grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fe.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean rotation gave the highest wheat grain N, P, and S concentrations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- grain concentrations of N, P, Se0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“EM and vermicompost application combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotation resulted in the highest grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fe.”
Claim · model-written summary
EM compost with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean rotation gave the highest wheat grain Zn and Fe concentrations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- EMe0
- Outcome
- grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“EM and vermicompost application combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotation resulted in the highest grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fe.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean rotation gave the highest wheat grain Zn and Fe concentrations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“EM and vermicompost application combined with mineral fertilizer in the faba bean plot rotation resulted in the highest grain concentrations of N, P, S, Zn, and Fe.”
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