Abstract
Aerobic irrigation can effectively improve the oxygen environment in the root zone, and enhance crop quality and yield. However, how aerobic irrigation regulates root growth has not been elucidated. In this study, tomato plants were irrigated with three levels of oxygen (high, medium, and low) under underground drip irrigation. The morphology, activity, transcriptome, and hormone content of tomato roots under oxygen irrigation were analyzed. We found that the aeration irrigation significantly promoted root development. Notably, in the high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI), the total root length, total surface area, total volume, and root activity were 12.41%, 43.2%, 79.1%, and 24.15% higher than in the non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK), respectively. The transcriptome of tomato roots under aeration irrigation was determined with a total of 272 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 131 up-regulated and 141 down-regulated genes. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched mainly in the metabolic pathways and plant hormone signal transduction. Among the plant hormone signal transduction, 50% of DEGs belonged to IAA signal-related genes and were upregulated. LC-MS analysis showed that the content of auxin hormones in the tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation was significantly higher than that in CK. The content of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld) were 2.3, 2.14 and 1.45 times higher than those of the CK, but insignificant effects were exerted on the contents of cytokinins, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Meanwhile, the key enzyme of auxin synthesis flavin monooxygenase (YUCCA) was significantly up-regulated. The aforementioned results show that aeration irrigation may promote the growth and development of roots by auxin regulation.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration irrigation significantly promoted root development.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- aeration irrigatione0
- Outcome
- root developmente0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aeration irrigation significantly promoted root development”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High aeration increased total root length by 12.41%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)e1
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.41%e0
- Comparator
- non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, total surface area, total volume, and root activity were 12.41%, 43.2%, 79.1%, and 24.15% higher than in the non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
High aeration increased total root surface area by 43.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)e1
- Outcome
- total surface areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 43.2%e0
- Comparator
- non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, total surface area, total volume, and root activity were 12.41%, 43.2%, 79.1%, and 24.15% higher than in the non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
High aeration increased total root volume by 79.1%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)e1
- Outcome
- total volumee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 79.1%e0
- Comparator
- non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, total surface area, total volume, and root activity were 12.41%, 43.2%, 79.1%, and 24.15% higher than in the non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
High aeration increased root activity by 24.15%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)e1
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24.15%e0
- Comparator
- non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, total surface area, total volume, and root activity were 12.41%, 43.2%, 79.1%, and 24.15% higher than in the non-aeration irrigation treatment (CK)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“high-aeration irrigation treatment (HAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration irrigation produced 272 differentially expressed genes, 131 upregulated.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 272e0
- Qualifier
- including 131 up-regulated and 141 down-regulated genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a total of 272 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 131 up-regulated and 141 down-regulated genes”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in metabolic and hormone-signalling pathways.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- DEGs were enriched mainly in the metabolic pathways and plant hormone signal transductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the DEGs were enriched mainly in the metabolic pathways and plant hormone signal transduction”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Half of hormone-signalling DEGs were IAA-related and upregulated.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- IAA signal-related genese0
- Outcome
- DEGs belonged to IAA signal-related genes and were upregulatede0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% of DEGs belonged to IAA signal-related genes and were upregulated”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration significantly increased tomato-root auxin hormone content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione0
- Outcome
- content of auxin hormonese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of auxin hormones in the tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation was significantly higher than that in CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration raised root IAA content 2.3-fold versus CK.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione1
- Outcome
- content of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.3e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld) were 2.3, 2.14 and 1.45 times higher than those of the CK”
t0“Tomato”
e1“tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration raised root ICA content 2.14-fold versus CK.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.14e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld) were 2.3, 2.14 and 1.45 times higher than those of the CK”
t0“Tomato”
e1“tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration raised root ICAld content 1.45-fold versus CK.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.45 timese0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld) were 2.3, 2.14 and 1.45 times higher than those of the CK”
t0“Tomato”
e1“tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration had insignificant effects on cytokinin, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione1
- Outcome
- contents of cytokinins, salicylic acid, jasmonic acide0
- Comparator
- CKe2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“insignificant effects were exerted on the contents of cytokinins, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene”
t0“Tomato”
e1“tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation”
e2“higher than that in CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration had insignificant effects on abscisic acid and ethylene contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione1
- Outcome
- abscisic acid, and ethylenee0
- Comparator
- CKe2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“insignificant effects were exerted on the contents of cytokinins, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene”
t0“Tomato”
e1“tomato roots subjected to aeration irrigation”
e2“higher than that in CK”
Claim · model-written summary
YUCCA was significantly upregulated.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- flavin monooxygenase (YUCCA)e0
- Outcome
- flavin monooxygenase (YUCCA) was significantly up-regulatede0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the key enzyme of auxin synthesis flavin monooxygenase (YUCCA) was significantly up-regulated”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose auxin regulation as a mechanism of aeration-promoted root development.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- aeration irrigatione0
- Outcome
- growth and development of rootse0
- Qualifier
- by auxin regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aeration irrigation may promote the growth and development of roots by auxin regulation”
t0“Tomato”
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