Abstract
Crop wastes could be applied in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers to satisfy crop nutritional needs and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out during winter 2019–2020 at the AMK Research Farm (Palatoo) Mardan, KPK (Pakistan) to investigate the combined effect of phosphorous (PS) and organic sources (OSs) on wheat productivity under different irrigation regimes. The experimental factors were: two irrigation regimes (limited and full irrigation), three inorganic sources of phosphorus (triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)) applied at 90 kg ha−1, and three organic amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), mung bean residue (MBR), and canola residue (CR)) applied at a rate of 10 t ha−1. A control plot (no phosphorus or organic supply) was included. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was adopted. Among the fertilization strategies, SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike−1 (52), thousand-grain weight (41.6 g), biological yield (9.7 t ha−1), and grain yield (4 t ha−1). Under full irrigation, improved yield, yield components, and profits were obtained compared to the limited irrigation regime. Three clusters were obtained after applying an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conferred the positive effects of inorganic P with FYM on the wheat yield and its related parameters. This study indicated that the productivity of wheat under the SSP + FYM fertilization strategy was found to be more economical with respect to the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). The combined application of SSP + FYM was more profitable in terms of a higher BCR (3.25) than other treatments under the full irrigation regime.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
SSP plus FYM produced 52 grains per spike, outperforming other fertilizer combinations.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- SSP + FYMe0
- Outcome
- grains per spike−1e0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Value
- 52e0
- Comparator
- all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike−1 (52)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP plus FYM produced a 41.6 g thousand-grain weight, outperforming other combinations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSP + FYMe1
- Outcome
- thousand-grain weighte0
- Value
- 41.6 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thousand-grain weight (41.6 g)”
t0“Wheat”
e1“SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike−1 (52)”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP plus FYM produced 9.7 t ha−1 biological yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Value
- 9.7 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biological yield (9.7 t ha−1)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP plus FYM produced 4 t ha−1 grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 4 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield (4 t ha−1)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation improved yield, yield components, and profits versus limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yield, yield components, and profitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- limited irrigation regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under full irrigation, improved yield, yield components, and profits were obtained compared to the limited irrigation regime”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hierarchical clustering yielded three clusters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- clusterse0
- Value
- Threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three clusters were obtained after applying an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA supported positive effects of inorganic phosphorus with FYM on wheat yield and related parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- inorganic P with FYMe0
- Outcome
- wheat yield and its related parameterse0
- Direction
- positive effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conferred the positive effects of inorganic P with FYM on the wheat yield and its related parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP plus FYM had a higher BCR of 3.25 than other treatments under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSP + FYMe0
- Outcome
- BCRe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.25e0
- Qualifier
- full irrigation regimee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSP + FYM was more profitable in terms of a higher BCR (3.25) than other treatments under the full irrigation regime”
t0“Wheat”
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