Abstract
Introduction: Low soil fertility and high fertilizer costs are constraints to wheat production, which may be resolved with integrating fertilizer phosphorus (P) and farm-yard manure (FYM). Study objectives were to evaluate P source impacts on soil, P efficiency, and wheat growth in a calcareous soil. Methods: Treatments included P fertilizer (0, 17, 26, or 39 kg P ha-1) and/or FYM (0 or 10 T ha-1) in a: 1) incubation experiment and 2) wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.) field experiment. Results and Discussion: Soil organic matter increased (30-72%) linearly for both fertilizer and FYM, whereas pH decreased (0.1-0.3 units) with fertilizer only. Addition of fertilizer and FYM increased plant available P (AB-DTPA extractable soil P) an average of 0.5 mg P kg-1 soil week-1 with incubation. The initial increase was 1-9 mg P kg-1, with further increase after 84 d of ~3-17 mg P kg-1. There was also a significant increase of available P in the soil supporting plants in the field study, although the magnitude of the increase was only 2 mg kg-1 at most for the highest fertilizer rate + FYM. Grain (66 to 119%) and straw (25-65%) yield increased significantly, peaking at 26 kg P ha-1 + FYM. The P Absorption Efficiency (PAE), P Balance (PB), and P Uptake (PU) increased linearly with P rate, with the highest levels at the highest P rate. The P Use Efficiency (PUE) was highest at the lowest rates of P, with general decreases with increasing P, although not consistently. Principal component analysis revealed that 94.34 % of the total variance was accounted for with PC1 (84.04 %) and PC2 (10.33 %), with grain straw yield significantly correlated to SOM, PU, and PAE. Regression analysis showed highly significant correlation of PB with P-input (R2= 0.99), plant available P (R2= 0.85), and PU (R2= 0.80). The combination of FYM at the rate of 10 T ha-1 and fertilizer P at 26 kg P ha-1 was found as the optimum dose that significantly increased yield. It is concluded that FYM concoction with fertilizer-P not only improved SOM and residual soil P, but also enhanced wheat yields with reasonable P efficiency.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter increased linearly with fertilizer and FYM, by 30-72%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- fertilizer and FYMe1
- Outcome
- Soil organic mattere1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 30-72%e1
- Qualifier
- linearlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e1“Soil organic matter increased (30-72%) linearly for both fertilizer and FYM”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH decreased by 0.1-0.3 units with fertilizer only.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer onlye2
- Outcome
- pHe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 0.1-0.3 unitse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e2“whereas pH decreased (0.1-0.3 units) with fertilizer only”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer and FYM increased plant available P by an average of 0.5 mg P kg-1 soil per week during incubation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer and FYMe3
- Outcome
- plant available Pe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 0.5 mg P kg-1 soil week-1e3
- Setting
- incubatione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e3“Addition of fertilizer and FYM increased plant available P (AB-DTPA extractable soil P) an average of 0.5 mg P kg-1 soil week-1 with incubation”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial increase in plant available P was 1-9 mg P kg-1 under fertilizer and FYM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer and FYMe3
- Outcome
- initial increasee4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1-9 mg P kg-1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e3“Addition of fertilizer and FYM increased plant available P (AB-DTPA extractable soil P) an average of 0.5 mg P kg-1 soil week-1 with incubation”
e4“The initial increase was 1-9 mg P kg-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Further increase in plant available P after 84 days was about 3-17 mg P kg-1 under fertilizer and FYM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer and FYMe3
- Outcome
- further increasee5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- ~3-17 mg P kg-1e5
- Qualifier
- after 84 de5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e3“Addition of fertilizer and FYM increased plant available P (AB-DTPA extractable soil P) an average of 0.5 mg P kg-1 soil week-1 with incubation”
e5“with further increase after 84 d of ~3-17 mg P kg-1”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field study, available P increased by only 2 mg kg-1 at most at the highest fertilizer rate plus FYM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- highest fertilizer rate + FYMe6
- Outcome
- available Pe6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 2 mg kg-1e6
- Setting
- field studye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e6“There was also a significant increase of available P in the soil supporting plants in the field study, although the magnitude of the increase was only 2 mg kg-1 at most for the highest fertilizer rate + FYM”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield increased by 66 to 119% with P fertilizer and FYM, peaking at 26 kg P ha-1 plus FYM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 26 kg P ha-1 + FYMe7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 66 to 119%e7
- Qualifier
- Graine7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e7“Grain (66 to 119%) and straw (25-65%) yield increased significantly, peaking at 26 kg P ha-1 + FYM”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw yield increased by 25 to 65% with P fertilizer and FYM, peaking at 26 kg P ha-1 plus FYM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 26 kg P ha-1 + FYMe7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 25-65%e7
- Qualifier
- strawe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e7“Grain (66 to 119%) and straw (25-65%) yield increased significantly, peaking at 26 kg P ha-1 + FYM”
Claim · model-written summary
P absorption efficiency, P balance and P uptake increased linearly with P rate, highest at the highest P rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- P ratee0
- Outcome
- P Absorption Efficiency (PAE), P Balance (PB), and P Uptake (PU)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with the highest levels at the highest P ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e0“The P Absorption Efficiency (PAE), P Balance (PB), and P Uptake (PU) increased linearly with P rate, with the highest levels at the highest P rate”
Claim · model-written summary
P use efficiency was highest at the lowest P rates, with general but not consistent decreases with increasing P.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing Pe1
- Outcome
- P Use Efficiency (PUE)e1
- Direction
- decreasese1
- Qualifier
- although not consistentlye1
- Comparator
- lowest rates of Pe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e1“The P Use Efficiency (PUE) was highest at the lowest rates of P, with general decreases with increasing P, although not consistently”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain straw yield was significantly correlated with SOM, PU and PAE.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain straw yielde2
- Qualifier
- SOM, PU, and PAEe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e2“with grain straw yield significantly correlated to SOM, PU, and PAE”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 and PC2 accounted for 94.34 % of the total variance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total variancee3
- Value
- 94.34 %e3
- Qualifier
- PC1 (84.04 %) and PC2 (10.33 %)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e3“94.34 % of the total variance was accounted for with PC1 (84.04 %) and PC2 (10.33 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
PB was highly significantly correlated with P-input (R2 = 0.99).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- PBe4
- Value
- R2= 0.99e4
- Comparator
- P-inpute4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e4“Regression analysis showed highly significant correlation of PB with P-input (R2= 0.99), plant available P (R2= 0.85), and PU (R2= 0.80)”
Claim · model-written summary
PB was highly significantly correlated with plant available P (R2 = 0.85).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- PBe4
- Value
- R2= 0.85e4
- Comparator
- plant available Pe4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e4“Regression analysis showed highly significant correlation of PB with P-input (R2= 0.99), plant available P (R2= 0.85), and PU (R2= 0.80)”
Claim · model-written summary
PB was highly significantly correlated with PU (R2 = 0.80).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- PBe4
- Value
- R2= 0.80e4
- Comparator
- PUe4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e4“Regression analysis showed highly significant correlation of PB with P-input (R2= 0.99), plant available P (R2= 0.85), and PU (R2= 0.80)”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM at 10 t ha-1 with 26 kg P ha-1 was the optimum dose that significantly increased wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FYM at the rate of 10 T ha-1 and fertilizer P at 26 kg P ha-1e5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improves wheat productivity”
e5“The combination of FYM at the rate of 10 T ha-1 and fertilizer P at 26 kg P ha-1 was found as the optimum dose that significantly increased yield”
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