Abstract
Recently, there has been an increasing number of blight disease reports associated with Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia pyrifoliae in South Korea. Current management protocols that have been conducted with antibiotics have faced resistance problems and the outbreak has not decreased. Because of this concern, the present study aimed to provide an alternative method to control the invasive fire blight outbreak in the nation using bacteriophages (phages) in combination with an antibiotic agent (kasugamycin). Among 54 phage isolates, we selected five phages, pEa_SNUABM_27, 31, 32, 47, and 48, based on their bacteriolytic efficacy. Although only phage pEa_SNUABM_27 showed host specificity for E. amylovora, all five phages presented complementary lytic potential that improved the host infectivity coverage of each phage All the phages in the cocktail solution could lyse phage-resistant strains. These strains had a decreased tolerance to the antibiotic kasugamycin, and a synergistic effect of phages and antibiotics was demonstrated both in vitro and on immature wound-infected apples. It is noteworthy that the antibacterial effect of the phage cocktail or phage cocktail-sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kasugamycin was significantly higher than the kasugamycin at the MIC. The selected phages were experimentally stable under environmental factors such as thermal or pH stress. Genomic analysis revealed these are novel Erwinia-infecting phages, and did not encode antibiotic-, virulence-, or lysogenic phage-related genes. In conclusion, we suggest the potential of the phage cocktail and kasugamycin combination as an effective strategy that would minimize the use of antibiotics, which are being excessively used in order to control fire blight pathogens.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Five phages were selected for bacteriolytic efficacy among 54 isolates.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Among 54 phage isolates, we selected five phages, pEa_SNUABM_27, 31, 32, 47, and 48, based on their bacteriolytic efficacy.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only pEa_SNUABM_27 showed host specificity for E. amylovora.
- Taxon
- E. amylovora
Erwinia amylovorae0 - Outcome
- host specificitye0
- Qualifier
- phage pEa_SNUABM_27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only phage pEa_SNUABM_27 showed host specificity for E. amylovora”
Claim · model-written summary
Five complementary phages improved host infectivity coverage.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“all five phages presented complementary lytic potential that improved the host infectivity coverage of each phage”
Claim · model-written summary
All cocktail phages lysed phage-resistant strains.
- Outcome
- lyse phage-resistant strainse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“All the phages in the cocktail solution could lyse phage-resistant strains.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phage-resistant strains had decreased kasugamycin tolerance.
- Treatment
- phage-resistant strainse1
- Outcome
- tolerance to the antibiotic kasugamycine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“These strains had a decreased tolerance to the antibiotic kasugamycin”
e1“phage-resistant strains”
Claim · model-written summary
Phages and kasugamycin acted synergistically in vitro.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“a synergistic effect of phages and antibiotics was demonstrated both in vitro and on immature wound-infected apples”
e1“antibiotic agent (kasugamycin)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phages and kasugamycin acted synergistically on wound-infected immature apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- immature wound-infected applese0
- Treatment
- phages and antibioticse0
- Interactor
- Erwinia amylovoraErwinia amylovorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- synergistic effecte0
- Qualifier
- kasugamycine2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a synergistic effect of phages and antibiotics was demonstrated both in vitro and on immature wound-infected apples”
e1“Erwinia amylovora”
e2“antibiotic agent (kasugamycin)”
Claim · model-written summary
The phage cocktail had a significantly higher antibacterial effect than kasugamycin at MIC.
- Treatment
- phage cocktaile0
- Outcome
- antibacterial effecte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- kasugamycin at the MICe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the antibacterial effect of the phage cocktail or phage cocktail-sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kasugamycin was significantly higher than the kasugamycin at the MIC”
Claim · model-written summary
Phage cocktail with sub-MIC kasugamycin had a significantly higher antibacterial effect than kasugamycin at MIC.
- Treatment
- phage cocktail-sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kasugamycine0
- Outcome
- antibacterial effecte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- kasugamycin at the MICe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the antibacterial effect of the phage cocktail or phage cocktail-sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kasugamycin was significantly higher than the kasugamycin at the MIC”
Claim · model-written summary
Selected phages remained stable under thermal or pH stress.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The selected phages were experimentally stable under environmental factors such as thermal or pH stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Genomic analysis identified novel Erwinia-infecting phages.
- Outcome
- novel Erwinia-infecting phagese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Genomic analysis revealed these are novel Erwinia-infecting phages”
Claim · model-written summary
Selected phages did not encode antibiotic-, virulence-, or lysogenic phage-related genes.
- Outcome
- did not encode antibiotic-, virulence-, or lysogenic phage-related genese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“did not encode antibiotic-, virulence-, or lysogenic phage-related genes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest combined phages and kasugamycin to control fire blight while reducing antibiotic use.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- phage cocktail and kasugamycin combinatione0
- Interactor
- fire blight pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- minimize the use of antibioticse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we suggest the potential of the phage cocktail and kasugamycin combination as an effective strategy that would minimize the use of antibiotics, which are being excessively used in order to control fire blight pathogens.”
e1“immature wound-infected apples”
The same questions in other papers
antimicrobial agent · Erwinia amylovora · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.