Abstract
Organic fertilisers can reduce the carbon (C) footprint from croplands, but adequate management strategies such as the use of nitrification inhibitors are required to minimise side-effects on nitrogen (N) losses to the atmosphere or waterbodies. This could be particularly important in a context on changing rainfall patterns due to climate change. A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil to evaluate the efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate (NO3−) leaching losses and net global warming potential from manure, with (R+) and without (R-) simulated rainfall events. Soil water availability was a limiting factor for plant growth and microbial processes due to low rainfall during the growing season. Nitrification was effectively inhibited by DMPP, decreasing topsoil NO3− concentrations by 28% on average and cumulative N2O losses by 82%. Most of the N2O was emitted during the growing season, with annual emission factors of 0.07% and 0.95% for manure with and without DMPP, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were 40% higher in R-compared to R+, possibly because of the higher topsoil NO3− concentrations. There was no effect of DMPP or rainfall amount on annual NO3− leaching losses, which corresponded to 12% of manure-N and were mainly driven by the post-harvest period. DMPP did not affect yield or N use efficiency (NUE) while R-caused severe reductions on biomass and NUE. We conclude that dry growing seasons can jeopardize crop production while concurrently increasing greenhouse gas emissions from a sandy soil. The use of nitrification inhibitors is strongly recommended under these conditions to address the climate change impacts.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Low rainfall limited plant growth and microbial processes through soil water availability.
- Outcome
- plant growth and microbial processese1
- Qualifier
- low rainfall during the growing seasone1
- Setting
- coarse sandy soile0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil”
e1“Soil water availability was a limiting factor for plant growth and microbial processes due to low rainfall during the growing season.”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP inhibited nitrification.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Nitrification was effectively inhibited by DMPP”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP reduced topsoil nitrate concentration by 28% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“decreasing topsoil NO3− concentrations by 28% on average”
e2“Nitrification was effectively inhibited by DMPP”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP reduced cumulative N2O losses by 82%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil to evaluate the efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)”
e1“cumulative N2O losses by 82%”
e2“Nitrification was effectively inhibited by DMPP, decreasing topsoil NO3− concentrations by 28% on average and cumulative N2O losses by 82%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most N2O emissions occurred during the growing season.
- Outcome
- N2O was emitted during the growing seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Most of the N2O was emitted during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
The annual emission factor was 0.07% for manure with DMPP.
- Treatment
- DMPPe1
- Outcome
- annual emission factorse1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 0.07%e1
- Comparator
- without DMPPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“annual emission factors of 0.07% and 0.95% for manure with and without DMPP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The annual emission factor was 0.95% for manure without DMPP.
- Treatment
- without DMPPe1
- Outcome
- annual emission factorse1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 0.95%e1
- Comparator
- manure withe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“annual emission factors of 0.07% and 0.95% for manure with and without DMPP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative N2O emissions were 40% higher under lower rainfall than under added rainfall.
- Treatment
- R-e1
- Outcome
- Cumulative N2O emissionse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 40%e1
- Qualifier
- possibly because of the higher topsoil NO3− concentrationse1
- Comparator
- R+e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Cumulative N2O emissions were 40% higher in R-compared to R+, possibly because of the higher topsoil NO3− concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP had no reported effect on annual nitrate leaching losses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“There was no effect of DMPP or rainfall amount on annual NO3− leaching losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall amount had no reported effect on annual nitrate leaching losses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“There was no effect of DMPP or rainfall amount on annual NO3− leaching losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual nitrate leaching losses corresponded to 12% of manure nitrogen.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“annual NO3− leaching losses, which corresponded to 12% of manure-N”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual nitrate leaching losses were mainly driven by the post-harvest period.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“annual NO3− leaching losses, which corresponded to 12% of manure-N and were mainly driven by the post-harvest period”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP did not affect maize yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“DMPP did not affect yield or N use efficiency (NUE)”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP did not affect nitrogen use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“DMPP did not affect yield or N use efficiency (NUE)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low rainfall severely reduced maize biomass.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil to evaluate the efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate (NO3−) leaching losses and net global warming potential from manure, with (R+) and without (R-) simulated rainfall events.”
e1“R-caused severe reductions on biomass and NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Low rainfall severely reduced maize nitrogen use efficiency.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil to evaluate the efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate (NO3−) leaching losses and net global warming potential from manure, with (R+) and without (R-) simulated rainfall events.”
e1“R-caused severe reductions on biomass and NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that dry growing seasons can jeopardize crop production while increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“dry growing seasons can jeopardize crop production while concurrently increasing greenhouse gas emissions from a sandy soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend nitrification inhibitors under dry conditions to address climate impacts.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“The use of nitrification inhibitors is strongly recommended under these conditions to address the climate change impacts.”
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