Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) have significant effects on apple peel color. To further understand the molecular mechanism of N–K regulation of apple color, we analyzed the apple peel under different N and K treatments using isotope labeling, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. Under high N treatments, fruit red color and anthocyanin content decreased significantly. High N decreased the 13C distribution rate and increased the Ndff values of fruits, while K increased the expression of MdSUTs and MdSOTs and promoted 13C transportation to fruits. Anthocyanin-targeted metabonomics and transcriptome analysis revealed that high N downregulated the expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3H, MdANS, and MdUFGT) and their regulators (MdMYBs and MdbHLHs), and also decreased some metabolites contents. K alleviated this inhibition and seven anthocyanins were regulated by N–K. Our results improve the understanding of the synergistic regulation of apple fruit coloring by N–K.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen significantly decreased fruit red color.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- high N treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit red colore0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under high N treatments, fruit red color and anthocyanin content decreased significantly”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen significantly decreased anthocyanin content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high N treatmentse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under high N treatments, fruit red color and anthocyanin content decreased significantly”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen decreased the 13C distribution rate in fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High Ne0
- Outcome
- 13C distribution ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High N decreased the 13C distribution rate and increased the Ndff values of fruits”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen increased fruit Ndff values.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High Ne0
- Outcome
- Ndff values of fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High N decreased the 13C distribution rate and increased the Ndff values of fruits”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased MdSUTs and MdSOTs expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Gene
- MdSUTs and MdSOTse0
- Outcome
- expression of MdSUTs and MdSOTse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K increased the expression of MdSUTs and MdSOTs and promoted 13C transportation to fruits”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium promoted 13C transport to fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- 13C transportation to fruitse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K increased the expression of MdSUTs and MdSOTs and promoted 13C transportation to fruits”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen downregulated anthocyanin structural genes MdPAL, Md4CL and MdF3H.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Gene
- MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3He0
- Outcome
- expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathwaye0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high N downregulated the expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3H, MdANS, and MdUFGT)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen downregulated anthocyanin structural genes MdANS and MdUFGT.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Gene
- MdANS, and MdUFGTe0
- Outcome
- expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathwaye0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high N downregulated the expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3H, MdANS, and MdUFGT)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen downregulated MdMYBs and MdbHLHs regulators.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Gene
- MdMYBs and MdbHLHse0
- Outcome
- regulators (MdMYBs and MdbHLHs)e0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high N downregulated the expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3H, MdANS, and MdUFGT) and their regulators (MdMYBs and MdbHLHs)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen decreased some metabolite contents.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high Ne0
- Outcome
- some metabolites contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high N downregulated the expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3H, MdANS, and MdUFGT) and their regulators (MdMYBs and MdbHLHs), and also decreased some metabolites contents”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium alleviated high-nitrogen inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- this inhibitione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K alleviated this inhibition and seven anthocyanins were regulated by N–K”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and potassium regulated seven anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- N–Ke0
- Outcome
- seven anthocyaninse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seven anthocyanins were regulated by N–K”
t0“Apple”
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See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.