Abstract
Introduction: Heat stress can limit vegetable growth, and this can lead to constraints on agricultural production. Grafting technologies, however, can be used to alleviate various plant stresses. Methods: In this study, the differences in the heat stress impacts and recovery abilities of pumpkin and luffa rootstocks for bitter gourd were analyzed in terms of their antioxidant activity and carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Results: Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd, which suffered from heat stress at 40°C for 24 h, heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced), reduced oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity was increased and the reactive oxygen species content reduced), and increased enzyme activity (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase, and acid invertase) and sugar content (soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose, and glucose) in carbon metabolism. The enzyme activity (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase) and product content (nitrate and nitrite) of nitrogen metabolism were also found to be increased, and this inhibited the accumulation of ammonium ions. After the seedlings were placed at 25°C for 24 h, the heterogeneous rootstocks could rapidly restore the growth of the bitter gourd seedlings by promoting the antioxidant and carbon and nitrogen metabolism systems. When luffa was used as rootstock, its performance on the indexes was better than that of pumpkin. The correlation between the various indicators was demonstrated using a principal component and correlation analysis. Discussion: The luffa rootstock was found to be more conducive to reducing cell damage and energy loss in bitter gourd seedlings caused by heat induction through the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and the promotion of carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous grafting reduced relative conductivity and malondialdehyde under heat stress.
- Taxon
- bitter gourd
Momordica charantiae0 - Treatment
- heterologously graftede0
- Outcome
- relative conductivity and malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 40°C for 24 he0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd, which suffered from heat stress at 40°C for 24 h, heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting increased antioxidant enzyme activity under heat stress.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae0
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced), reduced oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity was increased and the reactive oxygen species content reduced)”
e1“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting reduced reactive oxygen species under heat stress.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae0
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced), reduced oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity was increased and the reactive oxygen species content reduced)”
e1“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting increased carbon-metabolism enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae0
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede0
- Gene
- sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase, and acid invertasee0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced), reduced oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity was increased and the reactive oxygen species content reduced), and increased enzyme activity (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase, and acid invertase)”
e1“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting increased soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose and glucose content.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae0
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede0
- Outcome
- sugar content (soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose, and glucose)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced), reduced oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity was increased and the reactive oxygen species content reduced), and increased enzyme activity (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase, and acid invertase) and sugar content (soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose, and glucose)”
e1“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting increased nitrogen-metabolism enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae1
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede1
- Gene
- nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetasee0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enzyme activity (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase) and product content (nitrate and nitrite) of nitrogen metabolism were also found to be increased”
e1“heterologously grafted bitter gourd”
e2“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting increased nitrate and nitrite product content.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae1
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede1
- Outcome
- product content (nitrate and nitrite)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enzyme activity (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase) and product content (nitrate and nitrite) of nitrogen metabolism were also found to be increased”
e1“heterologously grafted bitter gourd”
e2“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting inhibited ammonium ion accumulation.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae1
- Treatment
- heterologously graftede1
- Outcome
- accumulation of ammonium ionse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this inhibited the accumulation of ammonium ions”
e1“heterologously grafted bitter gourd”
e2“Compared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous rootstocks rapidly restored seedling growth after recovery at 25°C.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiae0
- Treatment
- heterogeneous rootstockse0
- Outcome
- growth of the bitter gourd seedlingse0
- Direction
- restoree0
- Qualifier
- 25°C for 24 he0
- Comparator
- un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After the seedlings were placed at 25°C for 24 h, the heterogeneous rootstocks could rapidly restore the growth of the bitter gourd seedlings”
e1“un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd”
Claim · model-written summary
Luffa rootstock performed better than pumpkin across measured indexes.
- Taxon
- bitter gourdMomordica charantiat0
- Material
- luffae0
- Outcome
- performance on the indexese0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- pumpkine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When luffa was used as rootstock, its performance on the indexes was better than that of pumpkin”
t0“bitter gourd seedlings”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.