Abstract
Although microorganisms and silicon are well documented as factors that mitigate salt stress, their effect mitigating saline-alkaline stress in plants remains unknown. In this study, wheat plant seeds were treated with silicon, Enterobacter sp. FN0603 alone and in combination of both. Wheat seeds were soaked in silicon and bacterial solutions and sown in pots containing artificial saline-alkaline soils to compare the effects among all treatments. The results showed that the treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology, enhanced the rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activities, improved some important antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the contents of small molecules (e.g., proline) that affected osmotic conditions in the top second leaves. However, treatment with silicon and FN0603 in combination significantly further increased these stress tolerance indexes and eventually promoted the plant growth dramatically compared to the treatments with silicon or FN0603 alone ( p < 0.01), indicating a synergic plant growth-promoting effect. High relative abundance of strain FN0603 was detected in the treated plants roots, and silicon further improved the colonization of FN0603 in stressed wheat roots. Strain FN0603 particularly when present in combination with silicon changed the root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities rather than the rhizosphere communities. Bipartite network analysis, variation partitioning analysis and structure equation model further showed that strain FN0603 indirectly shaped root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities and improved plant physiology, rhizosphere soil properties and plant growth through significantly and positively directing FN0603-specific biomarkers ( p < 0.05). This synergetic effect of silicon and plant growth-promoting microorganism in the mitigation of saline-alkaline stress in plants via shaping root endophyte community may provide a promising approach for sustainable agriculture in saline-alkaline soils.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon in combination with FN0603 further promoted wheat plant growth compared with silicon or FN0603 alone.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- silicon and FN0603 in combinatione3
- Interactor
- FN0603e3symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe3
- Direction
- promotede3
- Qualifier
- p < 0.01e3
- Comparator
- silicon or FN0603 alonee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e3“treatment with silicon and FN0603 in combination significantly further increased these stress tolerance indexes and eventually promoted the plant growth dramatically compared to the treatments with silicon or FN0603 alone ( p < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain FN0603 reached a high relative abundance in the roots of treated wheat plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Interactor
- FN0603e4symbiont
- Outcome
- relative abundance of strain FN0603e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e4“High relative abundance of strain FN0603 was detected in the treated plants roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved the colonization of FN0603 in the roots of stressed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- silicone5
- Interactor
- FN0603e5symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization of FN0603e5
- Direction
- improvede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e5“silicon further improved the colonization of FN0603 in stressed wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
FN0603 combined with silicon changed the root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities rather than the rhizosphere communities of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote6
- Treatment
- in combination with silicone6
- Interactor
- FN0603e6symbiont
- Outcome
- root endophytic bacterial and fungal communitiese6
- Direction
- changede6
- Comparator
- rhizosphere communitiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e6“Strain FN0603 particularly when present in combination with silicon changed the root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities rather than the rhizosphere communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain FN0603 indirectly shaped root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities, and improved wheat physiology and growth, by significantly and positively directing FN0603-specific biomarkers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- FN0603e7symbiont
- Outcome
- root endophytic bacterial and fungal communitiese7
- Qualifier
- directing FN0603-specific biomarkerse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e7“strain FN0603 indirectly shaped root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities and improved plant physiology, rhizosphere soil properties and plant growth through significantly and positively directing FN0603-specific biomarkers”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon alone significantly changed wheat plant morphology.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- plant morphologye0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
FN0603 alone significantly changed wheat plant morphology.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FN0603e0
- Interactor
- FN0603e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant morphologye0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon enhanced rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
e1“enhanced the rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activities”
Claim · model-written summary
FN0603 alone enhanced rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FN0603e0
- Interactor
- FN0603e0symbiont
- Outcome
- rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
e1“enhanced the rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee2
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
e2“improved some important antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the contents of small molecules (e.g., proline) that affected osmotic conditions in the top second leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
FN0603 alone improved antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FN0603e0
- Interactor
- FN0603e0symbiont
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee2
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
e2“improved some important antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the contents of small molecules (e.g., proline) that affected osmotic conditions in the top second leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved small-molecule contents, including proline, in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- contents of small moleculese2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Qualifier
- e.g., prolinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
e2“improved some important antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the contents of small molecules (e.g., proline) that affected osmotic conditions in the top second leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
FN0603 alone improved small-molecule contents, including proline, in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FN0603e0
- Interactor
- FN0603e0symbiont
- Outcome
- contents of small moleculese2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Qualifier
- e.g., prolinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in wheat plant”
e0“treatments with silicon and FN0603 alone significantly changed plant morphology”
e2“improved some important antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the contents of small molecules (e.g., proline) that affected osmotic conditions in the top second leaves”
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