Abstract
Managing soil fertility, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to sustain increased crop productivity is a complex challenge, especially in cultivated Nitisols. Experiments were conducted over eleven (11) cropping seasons in the acidic Nitisols to assess the impact of soil management strategies on soil N, P, and crop productivity. Fourteen treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments include; control (C), conventional tillage + inorganic fertilizer (CTF), conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF), conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer + goat manure (CTCrGF), conventional tillage + maize residues + Tithonia diversifolia + rock phosphate (CTCrTiR), conventional tillage + maize residues+ goat manure + Dolichos lablab (CTCrGL), conventional tillage + maize residues + Tithonia diversifolia + goat manure (CTCrTiG), minimum tillage (MT; no amendments), minimum tillage + inorganic fertilizer (MTF), minimum tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (MTCrF), minimum tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer + goat manure (MTCrGF), minimum tillage + maize residues + Tithonia diversifolia + rock phosphate (MTCrTiR), minimum tillage + maize residues+ goat manure + Dolichos lablab (MTCrGL), and minimum tillage + maize residues + Tithonia diversifolia + goat manure (MTCrTiG). Available P was significantly higher by 51, 48, 43, 38, 37, 36 and 27% under MTCrGF, CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTF, CTCrF, MTCrGL, and CTCrTiG than the control. Available soil N was significantly higher (59, 59, 59, 57, 57, 57, 55, 55, 55, 50, and 50%) under MTCrGL, CTCrGL, CTCrTiR, MTCrTiR, MTCrF, CTCrTiG, MTF, CTCrGF, CTF, MTCrTiG and MTCrGF compared to the control. Grain radiation use efficiency was significantly higher under CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTCrTiR, CTF, MTCrTiG, CTCrF, MTCrGF, CTCrTiG, and MTCrTiR than the control by 95, 93, 93, 93, 92, 92, 92, 91 and 88% during the SR2020 cropping season. In the LR2021 season, it was significantly higher under CTCrGL, MTCrGL, CTCrGF, CTF, MTCrGF, CTCrF, MTF, MTCrF, MTCrTiG, MTCrTiR, CTCrTiG and CTCrTiR than the control by 80, 79, 78, 77, 77, 74, 73, 72, 70, 67, 66 and 62%. Grain yield was significantly higher under CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTCrF, MTCrGF, MTCrTiG, CTCrTiR, CTF, CTCrTiG, and CTCrTiR than the control in the SR2020 season by 95, 93, 93, 93, 92, 92, 92, 92 and 88%. During LR2021, CTCrGF recorded the highest grain yield, which was 74% higher than the control, while CTCrGL, MTCrGF, MTCrGL, CTF, MTCrF, CTCrF, MTF, MTCrTiG, CTCrTiG, MTCrTiR, and CTCrTiR, had higher yields than the control by 73, 71, 70, 69, 69, 66, 65, 64, 58, 55 and 49%. Overall, CTCrGF, CTCrGL, MTCrGF, and MTCrGL had a comparative advantage regarding soil fertility and crop productivity in acidic Nitisols, strongly illustrating the concept of 'complementarity' in integrated soil fertility management.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Available P was significantly higher under seven tillage and amendment treatments than the control, by 27 to 51%.
- Treatment
- MTCrGF, CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTF, CTCrF, MTCrGL, and CTCrTiGe0
- Outcome
- Available Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 51, 48, 43, 38, 37, 36 and 27%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Central Highlands of Kenyat0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Available P was significantly higher by 51, 48, 43, 38, 37, 36 and 27% under MTCrGF, CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTF, CTCrF, MTCrGL, and CTCrTiG than the control”
e1“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
t0“Central Highlands of Kenya”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil N was significantly higher, by 50 to 59%, under eleven tillage and amendment treatments than the control.
- Treatment
- MTCrGL, CTCrGL, CTCrTiR, MTCrTiR, MTCrF, CTCrTiG, MTF, CTCrGF, CTF, MTCrTiG and MTCrGFe0
- Outcome
- Available soil Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 59, 59, 59, 57, 57, 57, 55, 55, 55, 50, and 50%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Central Highlands of Kenyat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Available soil N was significantly higher (59, 59, 59, 57, 57, 57, 55, 55, 55, 50, and 50%) under MTCrGL, CTCrGL, CTCrTiR, MTCrTiR, MTCrF, CTCrTiG, MTF, CTCrGF, CTF, MTCrTiG and MTCrGF compared to the control”
e1“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
t0“Central Highlands of Kenya”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain radiation use efficiency in the SR2020 season was significantly higher under nine treatments than the control, by 88 to 95%.
- Treatment
- CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTCrTiR, CTF, MTCrTiG, CTCrF, MTCrGF, CTCrTiG, and MTCrTiRe0
- Outcome
- Grain radiation use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 95, 93, 93, 93, 92, 92, 92, 91 and 88%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- SR2020 cropping seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain radiation use efficiency was significantly higher under CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTCrTiR, CTF, MTCrTiG, CTCrF, MTCrGF, CTCrTiG, and MTCrTiR than the control by 95, 93, 93, 93, 92, 92, 92, 91 and 88% during the SR2020 cropping season”
e1“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain radiation use efficiency in the LR2021 season was significantly higher under twelve treatments than the control, by 62 to 80%.
- Treatment
- CTCrGL, MTCrGL, CTCrGF, CTF, MTCrGF, CTCrF, MTF, MTCrF, MTCrTiG, MTCrTiR, CTCrTiG and CTCrTiRe1
- Outcome
- Grain radiation use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 80, 79, 78, 77, 77, 74, 73, 72, 70, 67, 66 and 62%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- LR2021 seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain radiation use efficiency was significantly higher”
e1“In the LR2021 season, it was significantly higher under CTCrGL, MTCrGL, CTCrGF, CTF, MTCrGF, CTCrF, MTF, MTCrF, MTCrTiG, MTCrTiR, CTCrTiG and CTCrTiR than the control by 80, 79, 78, 77, 77, 74, 73, 72, 70, 67, 66 and 62%”
e2“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield in the SR2020 season was significantly higher under nine treatments than the control, by 88 to 95%.
- Treatment
- CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTCrF, MTCrGF, MTCrTiG, CTCrTiR, CTF, CTCrTiG, and CTCrTiRe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 95, 93, 93, 93, 92, 92, 92, 92 and 88%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- SR2020 seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly higher under CTCrGF, MTCrF, CTCrF, MTCrGF, MTCrTiG, CTCrTiR, CTF, CTCrTiG, and CTCrTiR than the control in the SR2020 season by 95, 93, 93, 93, 92, 92, 92, 92 and 88%”
e1“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the LR2021 season, CTCrGF gave the highest grain yield, 74% higher than the control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During LR2021, CTCrGF recorded the highest grain yield, which was 74% higher than the control”
e1“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the LR2021 season, eleven other treatments had higher grain yields than the control, by 49 to 73%.
- Treatment
- CTCrGL, MTCrGF, MTCrGL, CTF, MTCrF, CTCrF, MTF, MTCrTiG, CTCrTiG, MTCrTiR, and CTCrTiRe2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 73, 71, 70, 69, 69, 66, 65, 64, 58, 55 and 49%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- LR2021e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During LR2021”
e2“while CTCrGL, MTCrGF, MTCrGL, CTF, MTCrF, CTCrF, MTF, MTCrTiG, CTCrTiG, MTCrTiR, and CTCrTiR, had higher yields than the control by 73, 71, 70, 69, 69, 66, 65, 64, 58, 55 and 49%”
e3“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Four treatments with goat manure or Tithonia-type amendments (CTCrGF, CTCrGL, MTCrGF, MTCrGL) had a comparative advantage in soil fertility and crop productivity in acidic Nitisols.
- Outcome
- comparative advantage regarding soil fertility and crop productivitye0
- Setting
- acidic Nitisolse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTCrGF, CTCrGL, MTCrGF, and MTCrGL had a comparative advantage regarding soil fertility and crop productivity in acidic Nitisols”
e1“conventional tillage + maize residues + inorganic fertilizer (CTCrF)”
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