Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION: Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen supply increased tomato susceptibility to B. cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- low N supplye0
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- high N supplye0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen supply conferred strong resistance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high N supplye0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- stronge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high N supply conferred a strong resistance”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Before infection, nitrogen-deficient plants had reduced amino acids, proteins and glutathione.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen-deficiente0
- Outcome
- levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathionee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Before infection, nitrogen-deficient plants had elevated α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea inoculation caused alanine accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- B. cinerea inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- alanine accumulatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea inoculation caused galactinol depletion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- B. cinerea inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- galactinol depletione0
- Direction
- depletione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant high-N plants showed no significant metabolome change after inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- metabolomee0
- Direction
- no significant changee0
- Qualifier
- high N supplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible low-N plants showed extensive metabolic adjustments after inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- metabolomee0
- Direction
- massive metabolic adjustmentse0
- Qualifier
- low N supplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection stimulated redox and defence metabolism under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- infectione0
- Outcome
- Redox and defence metabolismse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- low N supplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated after infection under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- glutathione and chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols accumulated after infection under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterolse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in tomato stem response to B. cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinereae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.”
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