Abstract
The increased use of chemical fertilizer input in agricultural production and the promotion of sustainable agriculture encourage researchers around the globe to undertake experiments regarding application of organic fertilizers on tomato production. This study aims to amalgamate the comprehensive effects of organic fertilizer application compared with the pure application of chemical fertilizers (100% CF) on soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis. It helps to provide a certain reference for the sustainable development of circular agriculture systems in tomato planting. Articles related to the impact of organic fertilizers on tomato planting were searched on the Web of Science, Science direct, and Google Scholar. A total of 124 documents meeting the Meta-analysis criteria were screened out. A total of 2041 sets of data were screened for soil properties (electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, bacteria, fungi, urease, catalase) and tomato yield and quality (nitrate, sugar, lycopene, protein). The normal fitting of the response ratio of each data revealed that all of them satisfied the Gaussian curve, and there was no publication bias. The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase the yield by 3.48%, acidic soil by (pH < 6) 7.98%, neutral soil by (pH = 6~8) 3.35%, soil organic matter by 24.43%, total nitrogen by 32.79%, total phosphorus by 23.97%, total potassium by 44.91%, available phosphorus by 14.46%, available potassium by 16.21%, soil bacteria by 5.94%, urease by 22.32%, and catalase by 17.68%. The application of organic fertilizers (the total) had no significant effect on ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil fungi in the soil. After the subgroup analysis, bio-organic fertilizers (BF) can increase tomato yield by 14.15%, reduce soil electrical conductivity by 13.66%, and increase soil catalase activity by 24.55%. Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF) can improve tomato quality, reduce tomato nitrate by 13.02%, and increase sugar by 10.66%, lycopene by 10.78%, total nitrogen by 39.55%, total phosphorus by 29.11%, total potassium by 58.67%, soil bacteria by 6.54%, and urease by 25.41%. Both can increase tomato protein, soil pH, soil available phosphorus, and potassium, but neither can significantly affect the ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil fungi in the soil. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of tomato yield with lycopene, soil electricity conductivity, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, and urease. The application of organic fertilizers can improve tomato yield and quality and soil properties more compared with 100% CF. BF have better effects on yield and soil electrical conductivity, whereas tomato quality and soil physical and chemical properties are more effected by OF. Hence, this study provides a pathway for the selection of organic fertilizer in tomato production.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased tomato yield by 3.48% over chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.48%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase the yield by 3.48%”
e1“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers raised yield in acidic soil by 7.98%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 7.98%e0
- Qualifier
- acidic soil by (pH < 6)e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase the yield by 3.48%, acidic soil by (pH < 6) 7.98%”
e1“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers raised yield in neutral soil by 3.35%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 3.35%e0
- Qualifier
- neutral soil by (pH = 6~8)e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neutral soil by (pH = 6~8) 3.35%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase the yield”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil organic matter by 24.43%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 24.43%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil organic matter by 24.43%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil total nitrogen by 32.79%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 32.79%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total nitrogen by 32.79%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil total phosphorus by 23.97%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- total phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 23.97%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phosphorus by 23.97%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil total potassium by 44.91%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- total potassiume0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 44.91%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total potassium by 44.91%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased available soil phosphorus by 14.46%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 14.46%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available phosphorus by 14.46%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased available soil potassium by 16.21%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- available potassiume0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 16.21%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium by 16.21%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil bacteria by 5.94%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- soil bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 5.94%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil bacteria by 5.94%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil urease by 22.32%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 22.32%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“urease by 22.32%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers increased soil catalase by 17.68%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 17.68%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase by 17.68%”
e1“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) compared with 100% CF can increase”
e2“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers had no significant effect on soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen or fungi.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil fungie0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of organic fertilizers (the total) had no significant effect on ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil fungi in the soil.”
e1“soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality through meta-analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer increased tomato yield by 14.15%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- bio-organic fertilizers (BF)e0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14.15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bio-organic fertilizers (BF) can increase tomato yield by 14.15%”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer reduced soil electrical conductivity by 13.66%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- bio-organic fertilizers (BF)e0
- Outcome
- soil electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 13.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bio-organic fertilizers (BF) can increase tomato yield by 14.15%, reduce soil electrical conductivity by 13.66%”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer increased soil catalase activity by 24.55%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- bio-organic fertilizers (BF)e0
- Outcome
- soil catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 24.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bio-organic fertilizers (BF) can increase tomato yield by 14.15%, reduce soil electrical conductivity by 13.66%, and increase soil catalase activity by 24.55%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ordinary organic fertilizer reduced tomato nitrate by 13.02%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF)e0
- Outcome
- tomato nitratee0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 13.02%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF) can improve tomato quality, reduce tomato nitrate by 13.02%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ordinary organic fertilizer increased tomato sugar by 10.66%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF)e0
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF) can improve tomato quality, reduce tomato nitrate by 13.02%, and increase sugar by 10.66%”
e1“OF) can improve tomato quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Ordinary organic fertilizer increased tomato lycopene by 10.78%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF)e0
- Outcome
- lycopenee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.78%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ordinary organic fertilizer (OF) can improve tomato quality, reduce tomato nitrate by 13.02%, and increase sugar by 10.66%, lycopene by 10.78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato yield correlated positively with lycopene and several soil indicators.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Compound
- lycopenee0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant positive correlation of tomato yield with lycopene, soil electricity conductivity, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, and urease.”
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