Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum,is the most important bacterial disease of tomato crops,traditional chemical control is limited because of its efficiency and also it may result in serious negative effects to the environment.Soil amendment with compost has been a viable agronomical practice alternative to suppress disease as well as an attractive waste management strategy.The addition of mature compost to soil improves soil ecological environment and favors plant development,thereby strengthens plant resistance to pathogen,especially for soilborne plant pathogens.Compost amendments therefore maintain and enhance the fertility and productivity of agricultural soils,allowing a sustainable land use.This study investigated impacts of compost soil mixture(CSM)and compost water extract(CWE)on tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum,soil enzyme activity and soil microbial community functional diversity.Results showed that both CWE and CSM strengthened tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum.Compared to the control treatment,application of volume fraction 1∶1 and 1∶3 CWE as well as mass fraction 10% CSM showed a good tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum,decreasing disease index by 69.4%,31.5% and 13.0% respectively 27 days after disease inoculation.The CWE treatment had better tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum than that of the CSM treatment and such a resistance increased with the CWE content.The CSM treatment significantly increased soil urease activity but had no impact on soil sucrase and catalase activities.Compared with the control treatment,the 1∶1 CWE treatment significantly increased soil urease and sucrase activities.Based on the results from BIOLOG analysis for soil microbial community,two kinds of compost treatments significantly reduced the rate of substrate utilization(average well color development,AWCD),with the increase of compost concentration,the lower AWCD value was got.Shannon index and Simpson index of soil microbial community were also decreased after compost application as compared to those of the control treatment.The CMS and CWE treatment had no significant influence on Alatalo evenness.There was a distinct difference in carbon source utilization by soil microorganisms among compost treatments.The main carbon resources used by microbial were carbohydrates and carboxylic acid for the CSM treatment and were carbohydrates and amino acids for the CWE treatment.The classification resulted from principal component analysis(PCA)was accorded with the classification of the tomato resistance to bacterial wilt.This study suggests that livestock waste compost is one of the effective measures to control Ralstonia solanacearum,but the inhibitory effects depend on the treatment patterns and concentrations of compost,and the enhancement of tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum by livestock waste compost is associated with the modification of soil microbial community functional biodiversity and enzyme activity,and as a result,enhance the competition and/or antagonism among microbes,leading to a decrease in plant pathogens activity.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
1∶1 compost treatment reduced tomato disease index by 69.4% after 27 days.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 1∶1e0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume0pathogen - Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 69.4%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“application of volume fraction 1∶1 and 1∶3 CWE as well as mass fraction 10% CSM showed a good tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum”
e1“decreasing disease index by 69.4%,31.5% and 13.0% respectively 27 days after disease inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
1∶3 compost treatment reduced tomato disease index by 31.5% after 27 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1∶3e0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 31.5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“application of volume fraction 1∶1 and 1∶3 CWE as well as mass fraction 10% CSM showed a good tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum”
e1“decreasing disease index by 69.4%,31.5% and 13.0% respectively 27 days after disease inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
10% CSM compost treatment reduced tomato disease index by 13.0% after 27 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 10% CSMe0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 13.0%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“application of volume fraction 1∶1 and 1∶3 CWE as well as mass fraction 10% CSM showed a good tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum”
e1“decreasing disease index by 69.4%,31.5% and 13.0% respectively 27 days after disease inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE gave better tomato resistance than CSM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CWE treatmente0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearume0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- CSM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The CWE treatment had better tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum than that of the CSM treatment and such a resistance increased with the CWE content”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato resistance increased with CWE content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CWE contente0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The CWE treatment had better tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum than that of the CSM treatment and such a resistance increased with the CWE content”
Claim · model-written summary
CSM significantly increased soil urease activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CSM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil urease activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The CSM treatment significantly increased soil urease activity but had no impact on soil sucrase and catalase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
CSM had no reported impact on soil sucrase and catalase activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CSM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil sucrase and catalase activitiese0
- Direction
- no impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The CSM treatment significantly increased soil urease activity but had no impact on soil sucrase and catalase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1∶1 CWE treatment significantly increased soil urease and sucrase activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1∶1 CWE treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil urease and sucrase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“the 1∶1 CWE treatment significantly increased soil urease and sucrase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Both compost treatments significantly reduced microbial substrate utilization; greater concentration produced lower AWCD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- two kinds of compost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- rate of substrate utilization(average well color development,AWCD)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“two kinds of compost treatments significantly reduced the rate of substrate utilization(average well color development,AWCD),with the increase of compost concentration,the lower AWCD value was got”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost reduced soil microbial Shannon and Simpson indices versus control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione0
- Outcome
- Shannon index and Simpson index of soil microbial communitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Shannon index and Simpson index of soil microbial community were also decreased after compost application as compared to those of the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
CMS and CWE did not significantly affect microbial Alatalo evenness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CMS and CWE treatmente0
- Outcome
- Alatalo evennesse0
- Direction
- no significant influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The CMS and CWE treatment had no significant influence on Alatalo evenness”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microorganism carbon source use differed among compost treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- carbon source utilization by soil microorganismse0
- Direction
- distinct differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“There was a distinct difference in carbon source utilization by soil microorganisms among compost treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
CSM-associated microbes mainly used carbohydrates and carboxylic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CSM treatmente0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates and carboxylic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The main carbon resources used by microbial were carbohydrates and carboxylic acid for the CSM treatment and were carbohydrates and amino acids for the CWE treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE-associated microbes mainly used carbohydrates and amino acids.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CWE treatmente0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates and amino acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The main carbon resources used by microbial were carbohydrates and carboxylic acid for the CSM treatment and were carbohydrates and amino acids for the CWE treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA microbial classification corresponded to tomato bacterial wilt resistance classification.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- classification of the tomato resistance to bacterial wilte0
- Comparator
- classification resulted from principal component analysis(PCA)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The classification resulted from principal component analysis(PCA)was accorded with the classification of the tomato resistance to bacterial wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend livestock waste compost as an effective measure for Ralstonia control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- effective measures to control Ralstonia solanacearume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“livestock waste compost is one of the effective measures to control Ralstonia solanacearum”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.