Abstract
Tomato is an economically and nutritionally important crop and is vulnerable to drought. Under drought, soil microbes provide beneficial effects to plants and alleviate stress. We suggest a reconstruction of the soil microbiome using biofumigation, an organic farming method, to protect tomatoes. In this study, we treated soil in four ways with varied concentrations: biofumigation (BF0.5, BF1.0, and BF1.5), green manure treatment (GM0.5, GM1.0, and GM1.5), autoclaving (AT), and non-treatment (NT). Tomatoes were grown in each treated soil, subjected to water shortages, and were rewatered. We investigated plant phenotypes and soil properties, focused on microbial communities using the Illumina MiSeq® System. Relative Water Content and malondialdehyde were measured as plant stress. The results showed that the 1% biofumigation treatment had 105% and 108.8% RWC during drought and after rewatering, compared to the non-treated soil. The highest concentration, the 1.5% treatment, lowered RWC due to an excess of NO3−, K+, Ca2+, and decreased alpha diversity. Through PLS-PM, bacterial alpha diversity was found to be the largest factor in the increase in RWC (coefficient = 0.3397), and both biofumigant and green manure significantly increased the Shannon index and observed species. In addition, biofumigation increased beneficial functional genes (purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, carbon fixation pathways, and zeatin bio-synthesis) of soil microorganisms (p value < 0.05, <0.01, >0.05, and <0.05, respectively). The 1% biofumigation treatment enriched the core five genera of the fungal network (Enterocarpus, Aspergillus, Leucothecium, Peniophora, and Wallemia) of the fungal network which might suppress the most dominant pathogen, Plectosphaerella. In conclusion, biofumigation-derived soil microbiome alterations have the potential to lower plant stress under drought.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
One-percent biofumigation produced 105% relative water content during drought versus untreated soil.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 1% biofumigation treatmente0
- Outcome
- RWC during droughte0
- Value
- 105%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 1% biofumigation treatment had 105% and 108.8% RWC during drought and after rewatering, compared to the non-treated soil.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
One-percent biofumigation produced 108.8% relative water content after rewatering versus untreated soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1% biofumigation treatmente0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Value
- 108.8%e0
- Qualifier
- after rewateringe0
- Comparator
- non-treated soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 1% biofumigation treatment had 105% and 108.8% RWC during drought and after rewatering, compared to the non-treated soil.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1.5% treatment lowered tomato relative water content.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1.5% treatmente0
- Compound
- NO3−, K+, Ca2+e0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration, the 1.5% treatment, lowered RWC due to an excess of NO3−, K+, Ca2+, and decreased alpha diversity.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.5%, treatment decreased microbial alpha diversity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1.5% treatmente0
- Outcome
- alpha diversitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration, the 1.5% treatment, lowered RWC due to an excess of NO3−, K+, Ca2+, and decreased alpha diversity.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial alpha diversity was the largest modeled factor associated with increased tomato relative water content.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- coefficient = 0.3397e0
- Qualifier
- bacterial alpha diversitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial alpha diversity was found to be the largest factor in the increase in RWC (coefficient = 0.3397)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofumigant increased the soil microbial Shannon index and observed species.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofumigante0
- Outcome
- Shannon index and observed speciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both biofumigant and green manure significantly increased the Shannon index and observed species.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure increased the soil microbial Shannon index and observed species.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- green manuree0
- Outcome
- Shannon index and observed speciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both biofumigant and green manure significantly increased the Shannon index and observed species.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofumigation increased predicted microbial purine metabolism function.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofumigatione0
- Outcome
- purine metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- p value < 0.05e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofumigation increased beneficial functional genes (purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, carbon fixation pathways, and zeatin bio-synthesis) of soil microorganisms (p value < 0.05, <0.01, >0.05, and <0.05, respectively).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofumigation increased predicted microbial pyrimidine metabolism function.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofumigatione0
- Outcome
- pyrimidine metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- <0.01e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofumigation increased beneficial functional genes (purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, carbon fixation pathways, and zeatin bio-synthesis) of soil microorganisms (p value < 0.05, <0.01, >0.05, and <0.05, respectively).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofumigation increased predicted microbial carbon fixation function without reported significance.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofumigatione0
- Outcome
- carbon fixation pathwayse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- >0.05e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofumigation increased beneficial functional genes (purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, carbon fixation pathways, and zeatin bio-synthesis) of soil microorganisms (p value < 0.05, <0.01, >0.05, and <0.05, respectively).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofumigation increased predicted microbial zeatin biosynthesis function.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofumigatione0
- Outcome
- zeatin bio-synthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- <0.05e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofumigation increased beneficial functional genes (purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, carbon fixation pathways, and zeatin bio-synthesis) of soil microorganisms (p value < 0.05, <0.01, >0.05, and <0.05, respectively).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
One-percent biofumigation enriched five core fungal genera.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1% biofumigation treatmente0
- Outcome
- core five genera of the fungal networke0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Value
- five generae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1% biofumigation treatment enriched the core five genera of the fungal network (Enterocarpus, Aspergillus, Leucothecium, Peniophora, and Wallemia)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The enriched fungal network might suppress Plectosphaerella.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PlectosphaerellaPlectosphaerellae0pathogen
- Outcome
- suppress the most dominant pathogen, Plectosphaerellae0
- Qualifier
- mighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which might suppress the most dominant pathogen, Plectosphaerella.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude microbiome changes from biofumigation may lower tomato stress under drought.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofumigatione0
- Outcome
- plant stress under droughte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- soil microbiome alterationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofumigation-derived soil microbiome alterations have the potential to lower plant stress under drought.”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · ecology: diversity · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
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