Abstract
Restoring soil fertility in farming systems is essential to sustain a crop and its productivity. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the residual effects of the combined application of fertilizers and manures on yield, concentration and uptake of nutrients in wheat under basmati rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments applied in the present study involve T1: control, T2: farmyard manure (15 t ha−1), T3: poultry manure (6 t ha−1), T4: press mud (15 t ha−1), T5: rice straw compost (6 t ha−1), T6: farmyard manure (15 t ha−1) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), T7: poultry manure (6 t ha−1) + 50% RDN, T8: press mud (15 t ha−1) + 50% RDN, T9: rice straw compost (6 t ha−1) + 50% RDN, T10: 75% RDN, T11: farmyard manure (15 t ha1) + 75% RDN, T12: poultry manure (6 t ha−1) + 75% RDN, T13: press mud (15 t ha−1) + 75% RDN, T14: rice straw compost (6 t ha−1) + 75% RDN, T15: 100% RDN. The residual effects of organic manures significantly improved the growth parameters and yield attributes. Among different residual treatments, the use of farmyard manure + 75% NPK showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm), number of tillers (68.0 m−1), chlorophyll content (45.0) and yield (50.84 q ha−1 for grain and 80.43 q ha−1 for straw, respectively). Additionally, the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively). The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively. Similarly, the highest uptakes were observed to be 67.6, 15.5, 263.8 and 89.6 g ha−1 in grain and 173.3, 16.8, 3026.9 and 170.6 g ha−1 in straw, respectively. Thus, the integrated application of farmyard manure with 75% RDN could be used to sustain wheat productivity and maintain soil fertility which otherwise deteriorates due to the sole application of inorganic fertilizers.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% NPK gave the maximum plant height of wheat (125.2 cm) among residual treatments.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- farmyard manure + 75% NPKe1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 125.2 cme1
- Comparator
- different residual treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e1“Among different residual treatments, the use of farmyard manure + 75% NPK showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% NPK gave the maximum number of tillers of wheat (68.0 m−1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure + 75% NPKe1
- Outcome
- number of tillerse2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 68.0 m−1e2
- Comparator
- different residual treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e1“Among different residual treatments, the use of farmyard manure + 75% NPK showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm)”
e2“showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm), number of tillers (68.0 m−1), chlorophyll content (45.0) and yield (50.84 q ha−1 for grain and 80.43 q ha−1 for straw, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% NPK gave the maximum chlorophyll content of wheat (45.0).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure + 75% NPKe1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 45.0e2
- Comparator
- different residual treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e1“Among different residual treatments, the use of farmyard manure + 75% NPK showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm)”
e2“showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm), number of tillers (68.0 m−1), chlorophyll content (45.0) and yield (50.84 q ha−1 for grain and 80.43 q ha−1 for straw, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% NPK gave the maximum grain yield of wheat (50.84 q ha−1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure + 75% NPKe1
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 50.84 q ha−1e2
- Qualifier
- for graine2
- Comparator
- different residual treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e1“Among different residual treatments, the use of farmyard manure + 75% NPK showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm)”
e2“showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm), number of tillers (68.0 m−1), chlorophyll content (45.0) and yield (50.84 q ha−1 for grain and 80.43 q ha−1 for straw, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% NPK gave the maximum straw yield of wheat (80.43 q ha−1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure + 75% NPKe1
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 80.43 q ha−1e2
- Qualifier
- for strawe2
- Comparator
- different residual treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e1“Among different residual treatments, the use of farmyard manure + 75% NPK showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm)”
e2“showed maximum plant height (125.2 cm), number of tillers (68.0 m−1), chlorophyll content (45.0) and yield (50.84 q ha−1 for grain and 80.43 q ha−1 for straw, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% RDN gave the highest nitrogen uptake in wheat grain (7.37).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDNe3
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogene3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 7.37e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e3“the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% RDN gave the highest phosphorus uptake in wheat grain (3.31).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDNe3
- Outcome
- uptakee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 3.31e3
- Qualifier
- phosphoruse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e3“the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% RDN gave the highest potassium uptake in wheat grain (4.93).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDNe3
- Outcome
- uptakee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 4.93e3
- Qualifier
- potassiume3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e3“the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% RDN gave the highest nitrogen uptake in wheat straw (1.72).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe3
- Treatment
- incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDNe3
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogene3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 1.72e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e3“the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% RDN gave the highest phosphorus uptake in wheat straw (1.05).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe3
- Treatment
- incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDNe3
- Outcome
- uptakee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 1.05e3
- Qualifier
- phosphoruse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e3“the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with 75% RDN gave the highest potassium uptake in wheat straw (12.63).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe3
- Treatment
- incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDNe3
- Outcome
- uptakee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 12.63e3
- Qualifier
- potassiume3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e3“the incorporation of farmyard manure + 75% RDN demonstrated the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain (7.37, 3.31 and 4.93 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (1.72, 1.05 and 12.63 g ha−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum zinc concentration in wheat grain was 32.0 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 32.0e4
- Qualifier
- zince4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum copper concentration in wheat grain was 3.1 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 3.1e4
- Qualifier
- coppere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum iron concentration in wheat grain was 52.1 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 52.1e4
- Qualifier
- irone4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum manganese concentration in wheat grain was 17.6 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 17.6e4
- Qualifier
- manganesee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum zinc concentration in wheat straw was 8.2 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 8.2e4
- Qualifier
- zince4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum copper concentration in wheat straw was 2.1 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 2.1e4
- Qualifier
- coppere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum iron concentration in wheat straw was 374.6 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 374.6e4
- Qualifier
- irone4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum manganese concentration in wheat straw was 20.5 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe4
- Outcome
- concentrationse4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 20.5e4
- Qualifier
- manganesee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e4“The maximum zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were observed to be 32.0, 3.1, 52.1 and 17.6 mg kg−1 in grain and 8.2, 2.1, 374.6 and 20.5 mg kg−1 in straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated application of farmyard manure with 75% RDN could be used to sustain wheat productivity and maintain soil fertility.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- integrated application of farmyard manure with 75% RDNe5
- Outcome
- sustain wheat productivitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nutrient Uptake in Wheat under a Basmati Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e5“Thus, the integrated application of farmyard manure with 75% RDN could be used to sustain wheat productivity and maintain soil fertility”
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