Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting crop yield in arid and semi-arid regions. Plant growth-promoting fungi can help plants thrive in stressful conditions. In this study, we isolated and characterized 26 halophilic fungi (endophytic, rhizospheric, and soil) from the coastal region of Muscat, Oman, for plant growth-promoting activities. About 16 out of 26 fungi were found to produce IAA, and about 11 isolates (MGRF1, MGRF2, GREF1, GREF2, TQRF4, TQRF5, TQRF5, TQRF6, TQRF7, TQRF8, TQRF2) out of 26 strains were found to significantly improve seed germination and seedling growth of wheat. To evaluate the effect of the above-selected strains on salt tolerance in wheat, we grew wheat seedlings in 150 mM, 300 mM NaCl and SW (100% seawater) treatments and inoculated them with the above strains. Our findings showed that fungal strains MGRF1, MGRF2, GREF2, and TQRF9 alleviate 150 mM salt stress and increase shoot length compared to their respective control plants. However, in 300 mM stressed plants, GREF1 and TQRF9 were observed to improve shoot length. Two strains, GREF2 and TQRF8, also promoted plant growth and reduced salt stress in SW-treated plants. Like shoot length, an analogous pattern was observed in root length, and different salt stressors such as 150 mM, 300 mM, and SW reduced root length by up to 4%, 7.5%, and 19.5%, respectively. Three strains, GREF1, TQRF7, and MGRF1, had higher catalase (CAT) levels, and similar results were observed in polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and GREF1 inoculation dramatically raised the PPO level in 150 mM salt stress. The fungal strains had varying effects, with some, such as GREF1, GREF2, and TQRF9, showing a significant increase in protein content as compared to their respective control plants. Under salinity stress, the expression of DREB2 and DREB6 genes was reduced. However, the WDREB2 gene, on the other hand, was shown to be highly elevated during salt stress conditions, whereas the opposite was observed in inoculated plants.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sixteen of 26 halophilic fungal isolates produced IAA.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- fungi were found to produce IAAe0
- Value
- 16 out of 26e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“About 16 out of 26 fungi were found to produce IAA”
e1“seed germination and seedling growth of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven fungal isolates significantly improved wheat seed germination and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 11 isolatese0
- Interactor
- isolatese0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- improvee0
- Value
- 11 isolatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“about 11 isolates (MGRF1, MGRF2, GREF1, GREF2, TQRF4, TQRF5, TQRF5, TQRF6, TQRF7, TQRF8, TQRF2) out of 26 strains were found to significantly improve seed germination and seedling growth of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
MGRF1, MGRF2, GREF2 and TQRF9 increased wheat shoot length under 150 mM salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- MGRF1, MGRF2, GREF2, and TQRF9e0
- Interactor
- fungal strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 150 mM salt stresse0
- Comparator
- their respective control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal strains MGRF1, MGRF2, GREF2, and TQRF9 alleviate 150 mM salt stress and increase shoot length compared to their respective control plants”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GREF1 and TQRF9 improved shoot length in wheat stressed with 300 mM salt.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GREF1 and TQRF9e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- improvee0
- Qualifier
- 300 mMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 300 mM stressed plants, GREF1 and TQRF9 were observed to improve shoot length”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GREF2 and TQRF8 promoted growth and reduced salt stress in seawater-treated wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GREF2 and TQRF8e0
- Outcome
- plant growth and reduced salt stresse0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- SW-treated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GREF2 and TQRF8, also promoted plant growth and reduced salt stress in SW-treated plants”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length followed the reported shoot-length pattern under fungal inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Like shoot length, an analogous pattern was observed in root length”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM salt stress reduced wheat root length by up to 4%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different salt stressors such as 150 mM, 300 mM, and SW reduced root length by up to 4%, 7.5%, and 19.5%, respectively”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
300 mM salt stress reduced wheat root length by up to 7.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different salt stressors such as 150 mM, 300 mM, and SW reduced root length by up to 4%, 7.5%, and 19.5%, respectively”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Seawater stress reduced wheat root length by up to 19.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different salt stressors such as 150 mM, 300 mM, and SW reduced root length by up to 4%, 7.5%, and 19.5%, respectively”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GREF1, TQRF7 and MGRF1 gave higher catalase levels, with similar polyphenol oxidase results.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GREF1, TQRF7, and MGRF1e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three strains, GREF1, TQRF7, and MGRF1, had higher catalase (CAT) levels, and similar results were observed in polyphenol oxidase (PPO)”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GREF1 inoculation raised PPO in wheat under 150 mM salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GREF1 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- PPO levele0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Qualifier
- 150 mM salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GREF1 inoculation dramatically raised the PPO level in 150 mM salt stress”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GREF1, GREF2 and TQRF9 significantly increased wheat protein content against control plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GREF1, GREF2, and TQRF9e0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- their respective control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GREF1, GREF2, and TQRF9, showing a significant increase in protein content as compared to their respective control plants”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced expression of DREB2 and DREB6 in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Gene
- DREB2 and DREB6e0
- Outcome
- expression of DREB2 and DREB6 genese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salinity stress, the expression of DREB2 and DREB6 genes was reduced”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress strongly elevated WDREB2 expression in wheat, whereas inoculated plants showed the opposite.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- salt stress conditionse0
- Gene
- WDREB2e0
- Outcome
- WDREB2 genee0
- Direction
- highly elevatede0
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the WDREB2 gene, on the other hand, was shown to be highly elevated during salt stress conditions, whereas the opposite was observed in inoculated plants”
e1“salt tolerance in wheat”
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