Abstract
The interactions between nitric oxide (NO) and melatonin in alleviating sodium chloride (NaCl) toxicity in plants are poorly comprehended. Here, the associations between the exogenous application of melatonin and endogenous NO levels in inducing tomato seedlings’ defense response during NaCl toxicity were investigated. The results indicated that the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%), improved chlorophyll (a (137%) and b (92.8%)), and proline metabolisms, and reduced the contents of superoxide anion radicals (49.6%), hydrogen peroxide (31.4%), malondialdehyde (38%), and electrolyte leakage (32.6%) in 40-day-old tomato seedlings grown under NaCl (150 mM) treatment. Melatonin increased the antioxidant defense system in NaCl-stressed seedlings by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. Melatonin also improved N metabolism and endogenous NO content in NaCl-stressed seedlings by upregulating the activity of enzymes implicated in N assimilation. Furthermore, melatonin improved ionic balance and reduced Na content in NaCl-exposed seedlings by upregulating the expression of genes involved in K/Na ratio homeostasis ( NHX1-4 ) and increasing the accumulation of mineral nutrients (P, N, Ca, and Mg). However, the addition of cPTIO (100 μM; an NO scavenger) reversed the beneficial impacts of melatonin, indicating the effective function of NO in melatonin-induced defense mechanisms in NaCl-stressed tomato seedlings. Therefore, our results revealed that melatonin improves the tolerance of tomato plants during NaCl toxicity by mediating internal NO.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased seedling height by 23.7% under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- melatonin (150 μM)e0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased seedling biomass by 32.2% under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin (150 μM)e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved chlorophyll a by 137%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (ae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 137%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved chlorophyll (a (137%) and b (92.8%))”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved chlorophyll b by 92.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved chlorophyll (a (137%) and b (92.8%))”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved proline metabolism.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- proline metabolismse0
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and proline metabolisms”
t0“tomato”
e1“improved chlorophyll (a (137%) and b (92.8%)), and proline metabolisms”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reduced superoxide anion radicals by 49.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- superoxide anion radicalse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 49.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the contents of superoxide anion radicals (49.6%), hydrogen peroxide (31.4%), malondialdehyde (38%), and electrolyte leakage (32.6%)”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reduced hydrogen peroxide by 31.4%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the contents of superoxide anion radicals (49.6%), hydrogen peroxide (31.4%), malondialdehyde (38%), and electrolyte leakage (32.6%)”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reduced malondialdehyde by 38%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the contents of superoxide anion radicals (49.6%), hydrogen peroxide (31.4%), malondialdehyde (38%), and electrolyte leakage (32.6%)”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reduced electrolyte leakage by 32.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 32.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the contents of superoxide anion radicals (49.6%), hydrogen peroxide (31.4%), malondialdehyde (38%), and electrolyte leakage (32.6%)”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased antioxidant enzyme activity under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonine0
- Outcome
- activity of the antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin increased the antioxidant defense system in NaCl-stressed seedlings by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved N metabolism under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonine0
- Outcome
- N metabolisme0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin also improved N metabolism and endogenous NO content in NaCl-stressed seedlings by upregulating the activity of enzymes implicated in N assimilation.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased endogenous NO content under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonine0
- Outcome
- endogenous NO contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin also improved N metabolism and endogenous NO content in NaCl-stressed seedlings by upregulating the activity of enzymes implicated in N assimilation.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated enzymes implicated in N assimilation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonine2
- Outcome
- activity of enzymes implicated in N assimilatione0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulating the activity of enzymes implicated in N assimilation”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved ionic balance under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- ionic balancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin improved ionic balance and reduced Na content in NaCl-exposed seedlings”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reduced Na content under NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- Na contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin improved ionic balance and reduced Na content in NaCl-exposed seedlings”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated NHX1-4 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Gene
- NHX1-4e0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in K/Na ratio homeostasise0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulating the expression of genes involved in K/Na ratio homeostasis ( NHX1-4 )”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased accumulation of P, N, and Ca.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- accumulation of mineral nutrients (P, N, Cae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the accumulation of mineral nutrients (P, N, Ca, and Mg)”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased Mg accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonine2
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the accumulation of mineral nutrients (P, N, Ca, and Mg)”
t0“tomato”
e2“the application of melatonin (150 μM) increased height (23.7%) and biomass (32.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The NO scavenger cPTIO reversed beneficial melatonin effects.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- cPTIO (100 μM; an NO scavenger)e0
- Outcome
- beneficial impacts of melatonine0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- melatonine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of cPTIO (100 μM; an NO scavenger) reversed the beneficial impacts of melatonin”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that endogenous NO mediates melatonin induced NaCl tolerance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Compound
- internal NOe0
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin improves the tolerance of tomato plants during NaCl toxicity by mediating internal NO.”
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See all 18 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.