Abstract
A laboratory experiment was planned to search the inhibitory effects of boron (B) concentrations constituted by two sources on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy. Seven levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 30, 60, and 90 mg B L-1) of boric acid (H3BO3) and sodium borate (Na2B8O13.4H2O) were used. Increasing B levels slightly influenced the germination percentage of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy. Mean germination time in sunflower and opium poppy was shortened at 60 and 90 mg B L-1 by increasing B, while the germination index was promoted in sunflower. However, seedling growth of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy was considerably prohibited by B doses. The shoot length of sunflower was decreased at 16 mg B L-1, but low B levels enhanced root length, indicating that shoot growth showed more sensitivity to B doses than root length. The shoot and root length of soybean did not exhibit any significant trends against B levels. The seedling length of opium poppy was diminished at 60 mg B L-1 and above. There were no significant differences between boric acid and sodium borate except for shoot length in soybean, germination percentage and seedling length in opium poppy. It was concluded that there were no toxic effects of B levels up to 90 mg B L-1 on germination of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy, while seedling growth of sunflower and opium poppy was restricted at 60 and 90 mg B L-1, respectively.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing boron levels slightly influenced sunflower germination percentage.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Outcome
- germination percentagee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing B levels slightly influenced the germination percentage of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing boron levels slightly influenced soybean germination percentage.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- germination percentagee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing B levels slightly influenced the germination percentage of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing boron levels slightly influenced opium poppy germination percentage.
- Taxon
- opium poppy
Papaver somniferume0 - Outcome
- germination percentagee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing B levels slightly influenced the germination percentage of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron at 60 and 90 mg B L-1 shortened mean germination time in sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 60 and 90 mg B L-1e0
- Outcome
- Mean germination timee0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean germination time in sunflower and opium poppy was shortened at 60 and 90 mg B L-1 by increasing B”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron at 60 and 90 mg B L-1 shortened mean germination time in opium poppy.
- Taxon
- opium poppyPapaver somniferume0
- Treatment
- 60 and 90 mg B L-1e0
- Outcome
- Mean germination timee0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean germination time in sunflower and opium poppy was shortened at 60 and 90 mg B L-1 by increasing B”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing boron promoted the sunflower germination index.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- germination indexe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination index was promoted in sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron doses considerably inhibited sunflower seedling growth.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- B dosese0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- prohibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedling growth of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy was considerably prohibited by B doses”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron doses considerably inhibited soybean seedling growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- B dosese0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- prohibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedling growth of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy was considerably prohibited by B doses”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron doses considerably inhibited opium poppy seedling growth.
- Taxon
- opium poppyPapaver somniferume0
- Treatment
- B dosese0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- prohibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedling growth of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy was considerably prohibited by B doses”
Claim · model-written summary
At 16 mg B L-1 sunflower shoot length decreased.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 16 mg B L-1e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot length of sunflower was decreased at 16 mg B L-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Low boron levels enhanced sunflower root length.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- low B levelse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low B levels enhanced root length”
e1“Increasing B levels slightly influenced the germination percentage of sunflower, soybean, and opium poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean shoot length showed no significant trend against boron levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- B levelse0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- did not exhibit any significant trendse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and root length of soybean did not exhibit any significant trends against B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean root length showed no significant trend against boron levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- B levelse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- did not exhibit any significant trendse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and root length of soybean did not exhibit any significant trends against B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Opium poppy seedling length decreased at boron levels of 60 mg B L-1 and above.
- Taxon
- opium poppyPapaver somniferume0
- Treatment
- 60 mg B L-1 and abovee0
- Outcome
- seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedling length of opium poppy was diminished at 60 mg B L-1 and above”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →boron atom · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
32 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.