Abstract
BACKGROUND: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) originates in high altitude areas, such as the Andes, and has some inherent characteristics of cold, drought, and salinity tolerance, but is sensitive to high temperature. RESULTS: To gain insight into the response mechanism of quinoa to high temperature stress, we conducted an extensive targeted metabolomic study of two cultivars, Dianli-3101 and Dianli-3051, along with a combined transcriptome analysis. A total of 794 metabolites and 54,200 genes were detected, in which the genes related to photosynthesis were found down-regulated at high temperatures, and two metabolites, lipids and flavonoids, showed the largest changes in differential accumulation. Further analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and transcription factors revealed that quinoa inhibits photosynthesis at high temperatures, and the possible strategies being used for high temperature stress management are regulation of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) to obtain heat tolerance, and regulation of purine metabolism to enhance stress signals for rapid response to high temperature stress. The tolerant genotype could have an enhanced response through lower purine levels. The induction of the stress response could be mediated by HSF transcription factors. The results of this study may provide theoretical references for understanding the response mechanism of quinoa to high temperature stress, and for screening potential high temperature tolerant target genes and high temperature tolerant strains. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal the regulation of the transcription factor family HSF and the purinergic pathway in response to high temperature stress to improve quinoa varieties with high temperature tolerance.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Genes related to photosynthesis were down-regulated in quinoa seedlings at high temperatures.
- Taxon
- quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Material
- Dianli-3101 and Dianli-3051e0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese1
- Outcome
- genes related to photosynthesise1
- Direction
- down-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e0“we conducted an extensive targeted metabolomic study of two cultivars, Dianli-3101 and Dianli-3051”
e1“the genes related to photosynthesis were found down-regulated at high temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipids and flavonoids showed the largest changes in differential accumulation in quinoa seedlings.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Dianli-3101 and Dianli-3051e0
- Outcome
- differential accumulatione2
- Qualifier
- largest changese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e0“we conducted an extensive targeted metabolomic study of two cultivars, Dianli-3101 and Dianli-3051”
e2“two metabolites, lipids and flavonoids, showed the largest changes in differential accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Quinoa photosynthesis is inhibited at high temperatures.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese7
- Outcome
- photosynthesise7
- Direction
- inhibitse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e7“quinoa inhibits photosynthesis at high temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Regulation of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) may give heat tolerance in quinoa.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Gene
- heat stress transcription factors (HSFs)e3
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e3“regulation of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) to obtain heat tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Regulation of purine metabolism may enhance stress signals for rapid response to high temperature in quinoa.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Compound
- purinee4
- Outcome
- rapid response to high temperature stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e4“regulation of purine metabolism to enhance stress signals for rapid response to high temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The tolerant genotype has lower purine levels than the sensitive one.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- tolerant genotypee5
- Compound
- purinee5
- Outcome
- purine levelse5
- Direction
- lowere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e5“The tolerant genotype could have an enhanced response through lower purine levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Induction of the stress response may be mediated by HSF transcription factors.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Gene
- HSF transcription factorse6
- Outcome
- induction of the stress responsee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“quinoa seedlings”
e6“The induction of the stress response could be mediated by HSF transcription factors”
The same questions in other papers
heat · molecular: expression · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
heat · physiology: photosynthesis · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.