Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity, including lead (Pb) toxicity, is increasing in soils, and heavy metals are considered to be toxic in small amounts. Pb contamination is mainly caused by industrialization (e.g., smelting and mining), agricultural practices (e.g., sewage sludge and pests), and urban practices (e.g., lead paint). An excessive concentration of Pb can seriously damage and threaten crop growth. Furthermore, Pb adversely affects plant growth and development by affecting the photosystem, cell membrane integrity, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2−). Nitric oxide (NO) is produced via enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to scavenge ROS and lipid peroxidation substrates to protect cells from oxidative damage. Thus, NO improves ion homeostasis and confers resistance to metal stress. In the present study, we investigated the effect of exogenously applied NO and S-nitrosoglutathione in soybean plants Our results demonstrated that exogenously applied NO aids in better growth under lead stress due to its ability in sensing, signaling, and stress tolerance in plants under heavy metal stress along with lead stress. In addition, our results showed that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has a positive effect on soybean seedling growth under lead-induced toxicity and that NO supplementation helps to reduce chlorophyll maturation and relative water content in leaves and roots following strong bursts under lead stress. GSNO supplementation (200 µM and 100 µM) reduced compaction and approximated the oxidative damage of MDA, proline, and H2O2. Moreover, under plant stress, GSNO application was found to relieve the oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Additionally, modulation of NO and phytochelatins (PCS) after prolonged metal reversing GSNO application confirmed detoxification of ROS induced by the toxic metal lead in soybean. In summary, the detoxification of ROS caused by toxic metal concentrations in soybean is confirmed by using NO, PCS, and traditionally sustained concentrations of metal reversing GSNO application.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Applied NO improved growth under lead stress.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- exogenously applied NOe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenously applied NO aids in better growth under lead stress”
e1“in soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GSNO positively affected soybean seedling growth under lead toxicity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)e0
- Outcome
- soybean seedling growthe0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has a positive effect on soybean seedling growth under lead-induced toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
NO supplementation reduced chlorophyll maturation and relative water content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- NO supplementatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll maturation and relative water contente0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO supplementation helps to reduce chlorophyll maturation and relative water content in leaves and roots following strong bursts under lead stress.”
e1“soybean seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
GSNO at two concentrations reduced compaction and oxidative damage markers.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- GSNO supplementation (200 µM and 100 µM)e0
- Outcome
- compactione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSNO supplementation (200 µM and 100 µM) reduced compaction and approximated the oxidative damage of MDA, proline, and H2O2.”
e1“soybean seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
GSNO relieved oxidative damage through ROS scavenging.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- GSNO applicatione0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- relievee0
- Qualifier
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSNO application was found to relieve the oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging.”
e1“soybean seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Modulation of NO and phytochelatins after GSNO confirmed ROS detoxification.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- GSNO applicatione0
- Compound
- NO and phytochelatins (PCS)e0
- Outcome
- detoxification of ROSe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modulation of NO and phytochelatins (PCS) after prolonged metal reversing GSNO application confirmed detoxification of ROS induced by the toxic metal lead in soybean.”
The same questions in other papers
nitric oxide · physiology: water · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
nitric oxide · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
S-nitrosoglutathione · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.