Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, playing key roles in germination, microbial symbiosis, and nodule formation. However, its instability requires innovative approaches, such as using nanoencapsulated NO donors, to prolong its effects. This study evaluated the impact of treating soybean (Glycine max) seeds with the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles, on the germination, nodulation, and plant growth. Seeds were treated with free GSNO, chitosan nanoparticles with/without NO (NP CS-GSNO/NP CS-GSH, where GSH is glutathione, the NO donor precursor), and alginate nanoparticles with/without NO (NP Al-GSNO/NP Al-GSH). Chitosan nanoparticles (positive zeta potential) were smaller and released NO faster compared with alginate nanoparticles (negative zeta potential). The seed treatment with NP CS-GSNO (1 mM, related to GSNO concentration) significantly improved germination percentage, root length, number of secondary roots, and dry root mass of soybean compared with the control. Conversely, NP CS-GSH resulted in decreased root and shoot length. NP Al-GSNO enhanced shoot dry mass and increased the number of secondary roots by approximately threefold at the highest concentrations. NP CS-GSNO, NP Al-GSNO, and NP Al-GSH increased S-nitrosothiol levels in the roots by approximately fourfold compared with the control. However, NP CS-GSNO was the only treatment that increased the nodule dry mass of soybean plants. Therefore, our results indicate the potential of chitosan nanoparticles to improve the application of NO donors in soybean seeds.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan nanoparticles were smaller than alginate nanoparticles.
- Outcome
- Chitosan nanoparticlese0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Qualifier
- positive zeta potentiale0
- Comparator
- alginate nanoparticlese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan nanoparticles (positive zeta potential) were smaller and released NO faster compared with alginate nanoparticles (negative zeta potential).”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan nanoparticles released NO faster than alginate nanoparticles.
- Outcome
- released NOe0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Qualifier
- negative zeta potentiale0
- Comparator
- alginate nanoparticlese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan nanoparticles (positive zeta potential) were smaller and released NO faster compared with alginate nanoparticles (negative zeta potential).”
Claim · model-written summary
NP CS-GSNO at 1 mM significantly improved soybean germination percentage and root length relative to control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- seede0
- Treatment
- NP CS-GSNO (1 mM, related to GSNO concentration)e0
- Outcome
- germination percentage, root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed treatment with NP CS-GSNO (1 mM, related to GSNO concentration) significantly improved germination percentage, root length, number of secondary roots, and dry root mass of soybean compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
NP CS-GSNO at 1 mM significantly improved secondary root number and dry root mass relative to control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NP CS-GSNO (1 mM, related to GSNO concentration)e0
- Outcome
- number of secondary roots, and dry root masse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed treatment with NP CS-GSNO (1 mM, related to GSNO concentration) significantly improved germination percentage, root length, number of secondary roots, and dry root mass of soybean compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
NP CS-GSH decreased soybean root and shoot length.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NP CS-GSHe0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, NP CS-GSH resulted in decreased root and shoot length.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NP Al-GSNO enhanced soybean shoot dry mass.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NP Al-GSNOe0
- Outcome
- shoot dry masse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NP Al-GSNO enhanced shoot dry mass and increased the number of secondary roots by approximately threefold at the highest concentrations.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NP Al-GSNO increased soybean secondary root number approximately threefold at the highest concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NP Al-GSNOe0
- Outcome
- number of secondary rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately threefolde0
- Qualifier
- at the highest concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NP Al-GSNO enhanced shoot dry mass and increased the number of secondary roots by approximately threefold at the highest concentrations.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NP CS-GSNO increased soybean root S-nitrosothiol levels approximately fourfold versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- NP CS-GSNOe0
- Outcome
- S-nitrosothiol levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately fourfolde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NP CS-GSNO, NP Al-GSNO, and NP Al-GSH increased S-nitrosothiol levels in the roots by approximately fourfold compared with the control.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NP Al-GSNO increased soybean root S-nitrosothiol levels approximately fourfold versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- NP Al-GSNOe0
- Outcome
- S-nitrosothiol levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately fourfolde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NP CS-GSNO, NP Al-GSNO, and NP Al-GSH increased S-nitrosothiol levels in the roots by approximately fourfold compared with the control.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NP Al-GSH increased soybean root S-nitrosothiol levels approximately fourfold versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- NP Al-GSHe0
- Outcome
- S-nitrosothiol levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately fourfolde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NP CS-GSNO, NP Al-GSNO, and NP Al-GSH increased S-nitrosothiol levels in the roots by approximately fourfold compared with the control.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NP CS-GSNO was the only treatment increasing soybean nodule dry mass.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NP CS-GSNOe0
- Outcome
- nodule dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- only treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, NP CS-GSNO was the only treatment that increased the nodule dry mass of soybean plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude chitosan nanoparticles have potential to improve NO donor application to soybean seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- chitosan nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- improve the application of NO donorse0
- Qualifier
- potentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“our results indicate the potential of chitosan nanoparticles to improve the application of NO donors in soybean seeds.”
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See all 82 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.