Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils is potentially concerning when growing crops for human consumption. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been reported to tolerate the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in the soil. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate Cd uptake and translocation in two day-length sensitive (DLS) and two day-neutral (DN) hemp varieties grown for the medicinal market and to determine the impact of Cd exposure on cannabinoid concentrations in flowers. A hydroponic experiment was conducted by exposing plants to 0 mg·L−1 Cd and 2.5 mg·L−1 Cd in the nutrient solution. Cadmium concentrations ranged from 16.1 to 2274.2 mg·kg−1 in roots, though all four varieties accumulated significant concentrations of Cd in aboveground tissues, with translocation factors ranging from 6.5 to 193. Whole-plant bioconcentration factors ranged from 20 to 1051 mg·kg−1. Cannabinoid concentrations were negatively impacted by Cd exposure in DN varieties but were unaffected in DLS varieties. Biomass was reduced by Cd exposure demonstrating that these varieties might not be suitable for growth on contaminated soil or for phytoremediation. There is potential for Cd accumulation in flowers, showing the need for heavy metal testing of C. sativa consumer products.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Root cadmium concentrations ranged from 16.1 to 2274.2 mg·kg−1.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis sativae1 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Cadmium concentrationse0
- Value
- 16.1 to 2274.2 mg·kg−1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium concentrations ranged from 16.1 to 2274.2 mg·kg−1 in roots”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All four hemp varieties accumulated significant aboveground cadmium concentrations.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Organ / stage
- aboveground tissuese0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cde0
- Qualifier
- all four varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all four varieties accumulated significant concentrations of Cd in aboveground tissues”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Translocation factors ranged from 6.5 to 193.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Outcome
- translocation factorse0
- Value
- 6.5 to 193e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“translocation factors ranging from 6.5 to 193”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-plant bioconcentration factors ranged from 20 to 1051 mg·kg−1.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Outcome
- Whole-plant bioconcentration factorse0
- Value
- 20 to 1051 mg·kg−1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whole-plant bioconcentration factors ranged from 20 to 1051 mg·kg−1.”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium negatively affected cannabinoid concentrations in day-neutral varieties.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Material
- DN varietiese0
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Outcome
- Cannabinoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- negatively impactede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabinoid concentrations were negatively impacted by Cd exposure in DN varieties but were unaffected in DLS varieties.”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium did not affect cannabinoid concentrations in day-length-sensitive varieties.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Material
- DLS varietiese0
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Outcome
- Cannabinoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabinoid concentrations were negatively impacted by Cd exposure in DN varieties but were unaffected in DLS varieties.”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced biomass.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Outcome
- Biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass was reduced by Cd exposure”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
These varieties might be unsuitable for contaminated soils or phytoremediation.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativae1
- Outcome
- growth on contaminated soil or for phytoremediatione0
- Qualifier
- might not be suitablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these varieties might not be suitable for growth on contaminated soil or for phytoremediation”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium may accumulate in flowers.
- Taxon
- C. sativaCannabis sativae0
- Organ / stage
- flowerse0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- potentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There is potential for Cd accumulation in flowers, showing the need for heavy metal testing of C. sativa consumer products.”
Claim · model-written summary
Consumer hemp products need heavy metal testing.
- Taxon
- C. sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- heavy metal testinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showing the need for heavy metal testing of C. sativa consumer products”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
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See all 6 papers →cadmium atom · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
heavy metal · growth · Cannabis sativaResults agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.