Abstract
Roots from salt-susceptible ICSR-56 (SS) sorghum plants display metaxylem elements with thin cell walls and large diameter. On the other hand, roots with thick, lignified cell walls in the hypodermis and endodermis were noticed in salt-tolerant CSV-15 (ST) sorghum plants. The secondary wall thickness and number of lignified cells in the hypodermis have increased with the treatment of sodium chloride stress to the plants (STN). Lignin distribution in the secondary cell wall of sclerenchymatous cells beneath the lower epidermis was higher in ST leaves compared to the SS genotype. Casparian thickenings with homogenous lignin distribution were observed in STN roots, but inhomogeneous distribution was evident in SS seedlings treated with sodium chloride (SSN). Higher accumulation of K+ and lower Na+ levels were noticed in ST compared to the SS genotype. To identify the differentially expressed genes among SS and ST genotypes, transcriptomic analysis was carried out. Both the genotypes were exposed to 200 mM sodium chloride stress for 24 h and used for analysis. We obtained 70 and 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusive to SS and SSN and 112 and 26 DEGs exclusive to ST and STN, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis unlocked the changes in metabolic pathways in response to salt stress. qRT-PCR was performed to validate 20 DEGs in each SSN and STN sample, which confirms the transcriptomic results. These results surmise that anatomical changes and higher K+/Na+ ratios are essential for mitigating salt stress in sorghum apart from the genes that are differentially up- and downregulated in contrasting genotypes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-tolerant CSV-15 sorghum accumulated more K+ than the salt-susceptible genotype.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolort0 - Outcome
- accumulation of K+e4
- Direction
- Highere4
- Comparator
- SS genotypee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e4“Higher accumulation of K+ and lower Na+ levels were noticed in ST compared to the SS genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-tolerant CSV-15 sorghum had lower Na+ levels than the salt-susceptible genotype.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Outcome
- Na+ levelse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- SS genotypee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e4“Higher accumulation of K+ and lower Na+ levels were noticed in ST compared to the SS genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots of salt-susceptible ICSR-56 sorghum display metaxylem elements with thin cell walls and large diameter.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- ICSR-56e0
- Organ / stage
- Rootse0
- Outcome
- metaxylem elements with thin cell walls and large diametere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e0“Roots from salt-susceptible ICSR-56 (SS) sorghum plants display metaxylem elements with thin cell walls and large diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots of salt-tolerant CSV-15 sorghum have thick, lignified cell walls in the hypodermis and endodermis.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- CSV-15e1
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- thick, lignified cell walls in the hypodermis and endodermise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e1“roots with thick, lignified cell walls in the hypodermis and endodermis were noticed in salt-tolerant CSV-15 (ST) sorghum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride stress increased secondary wall thickness and the number of lignified cells in the hypodermis of sorghum.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- treatment of sodium chloride stresse2
- Outcome
- secondary wall thickness and number of lignified cells in the hypodermise2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e2“The secondary wall thickness and number of lignified cells in the hypodermis have increased with the treatment of sodium chloride stress to the plants (STN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignin distribution in the sclerenchyma beneath the lower epidermis was higher in salt-tolerant CSV-15 leaves than in the salt-susceptible genotype.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Outcome
- Lignin distribution in the secondary cell wall of sclerenchymatous cells beneath the lower epidermise3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- SS genotypee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e3“Lignin distribution in the secondary cell wall of sclerenchymatous cells beneath the lower epidermis was higher in ST leaves compared to the SS genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Casparian thickenings with homogeneous lignin distribution were observed in the roots of salt-tolerant sorghum treated with sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Organ / stage
- STN rootse5
- Treatment
- sodium chloridee5
- Outcome
- Casparian thickenings with homogenous lignin distributione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e5“Casparian thickenings with homogenous lignin distribution were observed in STN roots, but inhomogeneous distribution was evident in SS seedlings treated with sodium chloride (SSN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignin distribution in the Casparian thickenings was inhomogeneous in salt-susceptible sorghum seedlings treated with sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Organ / stage
- SS seedlingse5
- Treatment
- sodium chloridee5
- Outcome
- inhomogeneous distributione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e5“Casparian thickenings with homogenous lignin distribution were observed in STN roots, but inhomogeneous distribution was evident in SS seedlings treated with sodium chloride (SSN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seventy differentially expressed genes were exclusive to the SS genotype.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- SSe6
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese6
- Value
- 70e6
- Qualifier
- exclusive to SSe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e6“We obtained 70 and 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusive to SS and SSN and 112 and 26 DEGs exclusive to ST and STN, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
One hundred sixty-two differentially expressed genes were exclusive to the SSN sample (SS under salt stress).
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- SSNe6
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese6
- Value
- 162e6
- Qualifier
- exclusive to SS and SSNe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e6“We obtained 70 and 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusive to SS and SSN and 112 and 26 DEGs exclusive to ST and STN, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
One hundred twelve differentially expressed genes were exclusive to the ST genotype.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- STe6
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese6
- Value
- 112e6
- Qualifier
- exclusive to ST and STNe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e6“We obtained 70 and 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusive to SS and SSN and 112 and 26 DEGs exclusive to ST and STN, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-six differentially expressed genes were exclusive to the STN sample (ST under salt stress).
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- STNe6
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese6
- Value
- 26e6
- Qualifier
- exclusive to ST and STNe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e6“We obtained 70 and 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exclusive to SS and SSN and 112 and 26 DEGs exclusive to ST and STN, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
qRT-PCR validation of 20 DEGs in SSN and STN samples confirmed the transcriptomic results.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Outcome
- transcriptomic resultse7
- Value
- 20 DEGse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e7“Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis unlocked the changes in metabolic pathways in response to salt stress. qRT-PCR was performed to validate 20 DEGs in each SSN and STN sample, which confirms the transcriptomic results. These results surmise that anatomical changes and higher K+/Na+ ratios are essential for mitigating salt stress in sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
KEGG and GO enrichment analysis showed changes in metabolic pathways in response to salt stress.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- salt stresse7
- Outcome
- changes in metabolic pathwayse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root and Leaf Anatomy, Ion Accumulation, and Transcriptome Pattern under Salt Stress Conditions in Contrasting Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor”
e7“Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis unlocked the changes in metabolic pathways in response to salt stress. qRT-PCR was performed to validate 20 DEGs in each SSN and STN sample, which confirms the transcriptomic results. These results surmise that anatomical changes and higher K+/Na+ ratios are essential for mitigating salt stress in sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Anatomical changes and higher K+/Na+ ratios are essential for mitigating salt stress in sorghum.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis unlocked the changes in metabolic pathways in response to salt stress. qRT-PCR was performed to validate 20 DEGs in each SSN and STN sample, which confirms the transcriptomic results. These results surmise that anatomical changes and higher K+/Na+ ratios are essential for mitigating salt stress in sorghum”