Abstract
Large amounts of shallow underground water typically with salt content at around 4.7 dS m−1 are available in the North Chain Plain (NCP), which requires managing and thus can be properly used in irrigated agriculture to relieve the increasing pressure on fresh water in this region for supplementary irrigation. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the soil salt accumulation, responses, and yield simulation of winter wheat to the alternate irrigation strategies during 2017–2019. Five irrigation strategies included rain-fed cultivation (NI), fresh and saline water irrigation (FS), fresh water irrigation (FF), saline water irrigation (SS), and saline and fresh water irrigation (SF) during the growth stages. Irrigation with saline water increased soil salinity level and could be balanced annually; however, the leaf gas exchange of winter wheat was almost not significantly affected. The salinity caused by saline water irrigation negatively influenced the vegetative growth. The grain yield was increased by 24% and 32% under the FS and SF treatments compared to NI, while a minor reduction by 12% and 5% in yield under these treatments was recorded compared with the FF treatment. The SALTMED model was calibrated and validated to predict yield, and the high value of the R2 reflected a good agreement between modeled and observed values, indicating that the SALTMED model was able to simulate grain yield under the alternate irrigation strategies in the regional climate condition. Supplementary irrigation using saline water at the stem elongation stage and fresh water at the flowering stage is a practical solution to achieve comparable yields with low risk of salt accumulation for winter wheat particularly in the NCP.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation increased soil salinity, which could be balanced annually.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Irrigation with saline watere0
- Outcome
- soil salinity levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- could be balanced annuallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with saline water increased soil salinity level and could be balanced annually”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat leaf gas exchange was almost not significantly affected by saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Irrigation with saline watere0
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchangee0
- Direction
- almost not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with saline water increased soil salinity level and could be balanced annually; however, the leaf gas exchange of winter wheat was almost not significantly affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity from saline irrigation adversely affected vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saline water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- negatively influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salinity caused by saline water irrigation negatively influenced the vegetative growth.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FS irrigation increased grain yield 24% over rain-fed cultivation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FSe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was increased by 24% and 32% under the FS and SF treatments compared to NI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SF irrigation increased grain yield 32% over rain-fed cultivation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SFe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was increased by 24% and 32% under the FS and SF treatments compared to NI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FS yield was reduced 12% relative to fresh water irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FSe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- FF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was increased by 24% and 32% under the FS and SF treatments compared to NI, while a minor reduction by 12% and 5% in yield under these treatments was recorded compared with the FF treatment”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SF yield was reduced 5% relative to fresh water irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SFe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- FF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was increased by 24% and 32% under the FS and SF treatments compared to NI, while a minor reduction by 12% and 5% in yield under these treatments was recorded compared with the FF treatment”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SALTMED showed good agreement between modeled and observed wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- good agreement between modeled and observed valuese0
- Qualifier
- alternate irrigation strategies in the regional climate conditione0
- Comparator
- observed valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high value of the R2 reflected a good agreement between modeled and observed values, indicating that the SALTMED model was able to simulate grain yield under the alternate irrigation strategies in the regional climate condition.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend saline irrigation at stem elongation followed by fresh water at flowering for comparable wheat yield and low salt accumulation risk.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- saline water at the stem elongation stage and fresh water at the flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- comparable yields with low risk of salt accumulatione0
- Setting
- NCPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementary irrigation using saline water at the stem elongation stage and fresh water at the flowering stage is a practical solution to achieve comparable yields with low risk of salt accumulation for winter wheat particularly in the NCP.”
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