Abstract
Imbalanced nutrient fertilization adversely affects root growth and alters the nutrient use efficiency of a crop. This study aimed to understand the influence of integrated nutrient management on root characteristics and nitrogen use efficiency in the vegetable-based agroecosystem. The field trial was conducted at the Department of Soil Science and Water Management of Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) India in 2019 and 2020. There were nine treatments viz. T1- control, T2-100% farmyard manure (FYM; N equivalent basis), T3-100% N, T4-100% NP, T5-100% NK, T6-100% PK, T7-100% NPK, T8-100% NPK + FYM (recommended practice), and T9-150% NPK + FYM on root densities (mass, volume, and length) and N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum. The results observed that different treatments exert significant effects on measured as well as derivative parameters. In detail, the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM). Similarly, this treatment (150% NPK + FYM) resulted in a maximum positive N (774.6 kg ha−1), P (650.4 kg ha−1), and K (334.9 kg ha−1) balance of soil after the complete harvest of two cropping-sequence cycles. However, maximum agronomic N use efficiency (59.9 and 67.9 kg kg−1) and apparent recovery of N (39.3 and 59.7%) were recorded under 100% FYM (N equivalence) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, but this treatment produced the negative N balance (−91.7 kg ha−1) and K (−340.3 kg ha−1) in soil, whereas significant improvement in agronomic use efficiency, apparent recovery of applied N, as well as in soil, and the NPK balance was recorded under 100% NPK + FYM over the other treatment. This study recommended an integrated nutrient module that is the application of 100% NPK + FYM to ensure better root growth and positive nutrient balance in the soil.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM increased cauliflower root-mass density.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytise0 - Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- root-mass densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.72e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM).”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM increased cauliflower root-volume density.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- root-volume densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.49e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM).”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM increased cauliflower root-length density.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- root-length densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.21e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM).”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM increased capsicum root-mass density.
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- root-mass densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
CapsicumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM).”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM increased capsicum root-volume density.
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- root-volume densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM).”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM increased capsicum root-length density.
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- root-length densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 150% NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher root-mass density (0.72 and 1.71 g m−3 × 10−3), root-volume density (4.49 and 2.52 m3 m−3 × 10−3), and root-length density (1.21 and 0.81 cm m−3 × 10−4) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively, which was statistically at par with treatment T9 (100% NPK + FYM).”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM produced a maximum positive soil N balance.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- balance of soile0
- Direction
- maximum positivee0
- Value
- 774.6 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment (150% NPK + FYM) resulted in a maximum positive N (774.6 kg ha−1), P (650.4 kg ha−1), and K (334.9 kg ha−1) balance of soil after the complete harvest of two cropping-sequence cycles.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM produced a maximum positive soil P balance.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- balance of soile0
- Direction
- maximum positivee0
- Value
- 650.4 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment (150% NPK + FYM) resulted in a maximum positive N (774.6 kg ha−1), P (650.4 kg ha−1), and K (334.9 kg ha−1) balance of soil after the complete harvest of two cropping-sequence cycles.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
150% NPK + FYM produced a maximum positive soil K balance.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 150% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- balance of soile0
- Direction
- maximum positivee0
- Value
- 334.9 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment (150% NPK + FYM) resulted in a maximum positive N (774.6 kg ha−1), P (650.4 kg ha−1), and K (334.9 kg ha−1) balance of soil after the complete harvest of two cropping-sequence cycles.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
100% FYM gave maximum cauliflower agronomic N use efficiency.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- 100% FYM (N equivalence)e0
- Outcome
- agronomic N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 59.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum agronomic N use efficiency (59.9 and 67.9 kg kg−1) and apparent recovery of N (39.3 and 59.7%) were recorded under 100% FYM (N equivalence) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
100% FYM gave maximum cauliflower apparent recovery of N.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- 100% FYM (N equivalence)e0
- Outcome
- apparent recovery of Ne0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 39.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum agronomic N use efficiency (59.9 and 67.9 kg kg−1) and apparent recovery of N (39.3 and 59.7%) were recorded under 100% FYM (N equivalence) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
100% FYM gave maximum capsicum agronomic N use efficiency.
- Treatment
- 100% FYM (N equivalence)e0
- Outcome
- agronomic N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 67.9 kg kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum agronomic N use efficiency (59.9 and 67.9 kg kg−1) and apparent recovery of N (39.3 and 59.7%) were recorded under 100% FYM (N equivalence) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
100% FYM gave maximum capsicum apparent recovery of N.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum agronomic N use efficiency (59.9 and 67.9 kg kg−1) and apparent recovery of N (39.3 and 59.7%) were recorded under 100% FYM (N equivalence) in cauliflower and capsicum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
100% FYM produced negative soil N balance.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Outcome
- N balancee0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- −91.7 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment produced the negative N balance (−91.7 kg ha−1) and K (−340.3 kg ha−1) in soil”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
100% FYM produced negative soil K.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- −340.3 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment produced the negative N balance (−91.7 kg ha−1) and K (−340.3 kg ha−1) in soil”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
100% NPK + FYM improved agronomic use efficiency versus other treatments.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- agronomic use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- other treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant improvement in agronomic use efficiency, apparent recovery of applied N, as well as in soil, and the NPK balance was recorded under 100% NPK + FYM over the other treatment.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
100% NPK + FYM improved apparent recovery of applied N versus other treatments.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- apparent recovery of applied Ne0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- other treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant improvement in agronomic use efficiency, apparent recovery of applied N, as well as in soil, and the NPK balance was recorded under 100% NPK + FYM over the other treatment.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
100% NPK + FYM improved NPK balance versus other treatments.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- NPK balancee0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- other treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant improvement in agronomic use efficiency, apparent recovery of applied N, as well as in soil, and the NPK balance was recorded under 100% NPK + FYM over the other treatment.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 100% NPK + FYM for root growth and soil nutrient balance.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK + FYMe0
- Outcome
- better root growth and positive nutrient balance in the soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study recommended an integrated nutrient module that is the application of 100% NPK + FYM to ensure better root growth and positive nutrient balance in the soil.”
t0“N use efficiency of cauliflower and capsicum”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.