Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content, which contribute to their widely as traditional Chinese medicine for alleviating inflammation. Despite their recognized potential, information regarding the total flavonoid (TF) of HPF and its therapeutic application in treating chronic prostatitis (CP) remains unknown. Aim of the study We aimed to investigate the extraction optimization, constituent analysis, and alleviating effect of TF on CP as well as its potential mechanism. Materials and methods The optimized extraction of TF from HPF was explored using response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design model. The major flavonoids in TF were identified based on UHPLC-MS approach. Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model by measuring prostatic index, the levels of leukocytes and lecithin bodies, as well as histopathological examination. The protein expression contents were detected by western blotting . Additionally, the antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and anti-inflammatory (cyclooxygenase 2, COX-2 inhibitory) effects of TF were also evaluated in vitro . Results The optimized conditions for TF extraction were determined as 60% ethanol concentration, 30 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 30 min extraction time, and 90 °C extraction temperature, and the extraction ratio is 65.98 ± 2.14%. A total of 15 major flavonoids in TF were characterized by comparison with reference standards. TF ameliorated the efficacy of CP in rats in a dose-independent manner, including reduced prostatic index and leukocytes levels, elevated lecithin body levels, ameliorated histopathological damage to prostate, and suppressed phosphorylated protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), just another kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt). Simultaneously, the IC 50 of TF to DPPH, ABTS radicals, and COX-2 were 2.02, 1.79, and 0.0838 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions We first demonstrated that TF from HPF represents a promising candidate to alleviate CP through suppression of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized extraction of total flavonoids from Hosta plantaginea flowers gave an extraction ratio of 65.98 ± 2.14%.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantaginea
Hosta plantagineae0 - Outcome
- extraction ratioe1
- Value
- 65.98 ± 2.14%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e1“The optimized conditions for TF extraction were determined as 60% ethanol concentration, 30 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 30 min extraction time, and 90 °C extraction temperature, and the extraction ratio is 65.98 ± 2.14%”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifteen major flavonoids were characterized in the total flavonoid extract of Hosta plantaginea flowers.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Outcome
- major flavonoidse2
- Value
- 15e2
- Qualifier
- by comparison with reference standardse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e2“A total of 15 major flavonoids in TF were characterized by comparison with reference standards”
Claim · model-written summary
TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced prostatic index and leukocyte levels in rats with chronic prostatitis.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Outcome
- prostatic index and leukocytes levelse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e4“including reduced prostatic index and leukocytes levels”
Claim · model-written summary
TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) elevated lecithin body levels in rats with chronic prostatitis.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Outcome
- lecithin body levelse5
- Direction
- elevatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e5“elevated lecithin body levels”
Claim · model-written summary
TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated histopathological damage to the prostate in rats.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Outcome
- histopathological damage to prostatee6
- Direction
- amelioratede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e6“ameliorated histopathological damage to prostate”
Claim · model-written summary
TF suppressed phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and IκBα expression in rats with chronic prostatitis.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Gene
- nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65e7
- Outcome
- phosphorylated protein expressionse7
- Direction
- suppressede7
- Qualifier
- inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα)e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e7“suppressed phosphorylated protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)”
Claim · model-written summary
TF suppressed phosphorylated JNK, p38 MAPK and Erk expression in rats with chronic prostatitis.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Gene
- c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)e7
- Outcome
- phosphorylated protein expressionse7
- Direction
- suppressede7
- Qualifier
- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e7“suppressed phosphorylated protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)”
Claim · model-written summary
TF suppressed phosphorylated JAK1 and STAT3 expression in rats with chronic prostatitis.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Gene
- just another kinase 1 (JAK1)e4
- Outcome
- phosphorylated protein expressionse7
- Direction
- suppressede7
- Qualifier
- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e7“suppressed phosphorylated protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)”
e4“just another kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)”
Claim · model-written summary
TF suppressed phosphorylated PI3K and Akt expression in rats with chronic prostatitis.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Treatment
- TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)e3
- Gene
- phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)e4
- Outcome
- phosphorylated protein expressionse7
- Direction
- suppressede7
- Qualifier
- protein kinase B (Akt)e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e3“Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model”
e7“suppressed phosphorylated protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)”
e4“phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt)”
Claim · model-written summary
TF inhibited DPPH radicals with an IC50 of 2.02 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Outcome
- IC 50 of TF to DPPHe1
- Value
- 2.02e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e1“the IC 50 of TF to DPPH, ABTS radicals, and COX-2 were 2.02, 1.79, and 0.0838 mg/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TF inhibited ABTS radicals with an IC50 of 1.79 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Outcome
- ABTS radicalse1
- Value
- 1.79e1
- Qualifier
- IC 50 of TFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e1“the IC 50 of TF to DPPH, ABTS radicals, and COX-2 were 2.02, 1.79, and 0.0838 mg/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TF inhibited COX-2 with an IC50 of 0.0838 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Hosta plantagineaHosta plantagineae0
- Outcome
- COX-2e1
- Value
- 0.0838e1
- Qualifier
- IC 50 of TFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content”
e1“the IC 50 of TF to DPPH, ABTS radicals, and COX-2 were 2.02, 1.79, and 0.0838 mg/mL, respectively”